Cognitive Theory

Multimedia Cognitive Learning Theory (Meyer, 2001), basically – there are three assumptions:

1. 2 separate channel for input – audio + visual
2. Limited to 7 elements
3. Active learning – build connectivity between separate channel

Learn more from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sP98_CTjXNo

12 Principles for Multimedia Learning Theory

In the book Multimedia Learning (Cambridge Press, 2001), Richard E. Mayer discusses twelve principles that shape the design and organization of multimedia presentations:
1. Coherence Principle – People learn better when extraneous words, pictures, and sounds are excluded rather than included.
2. Signaling Principle – People learn better when cues that highlight the organization of the essential material are added.
3. Redundancy Principle – People learn better from graphics and narration than from graphics, narration and on-screen text.
4. Spatial Contiguity Principle – People learn better when corresponding words and pictures are presented near rather than far from each other on the page or screen.
5. Temporal Contiguity Principle – People learn better when corresponding words and pictures are presented simultaneously rather than successively.
6. Segmenting Principle – People learn better from a multimedia lesson is presented in user-paced segments rather than as a continuous unit.
7. Pre-training Principle – People learn better from a multimedia lesson when they know the names and characteristics of the main concepts.
8. Modality Principle – People learn better from graphics and narration than from animation and on-screen text.
9. Multimedia Principle – People learn better from words and pictures than from words alone.
10. Personalization Principle – People learn better from multimedia lessons when words are in conversational style rather than formal style.
11. Voice Principle – People learn better when the narration in multimedia lessons is spoken in a friendly human voice rather than a machine voice.
12. Image Principle – People do not necessarily learn better from a multimedia lesson when the speaker’s image is added to the screen

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0aq2P0DZqEI&t=63s

or here

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=stJ-MkTgRFs&t=138s

Melati Matamori

Melati Matamori – Bunga ungu dan putih teradun dari satu pokok yang sama. Suci, ikhlas dan nampak sederhana. Harumnya juga lembut dan menenangkan. Adelia Medina dipagi hari bersama melati. Kalau tidak namanya juga ingin mama sunting dari bunga melati – Melati Khaira.