{"id":1280,"date":"2019-08-15T10:27:58","date_gmt":"2019-08-15T10:27:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/leetinghun\/?page_id=1280"},"modified":"2026-11-05T16:38:10","modified_gmt":"2026-11-05T16:38:10","slug":"publications","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/leetinghun\/publications\/","title":{"rendered":"Publications"},"content":{"rendered":"[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ next_background_color=”#ffffff” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_direction=”70deg” background_color_gradient_stops=”#283d4b 0%|rgba(128,103,79,0.5) 100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”#283d4b” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(128,103,79,0.5)” background_image=”https:\/\/people.utm.my\/leetinghun\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/968\/2019\/08\/heart-bokeh-photography-wallpaper-3.jpg” custom_margin=”||3%|” custom_padding=”6vw|||” bottom_divider_style=”mountains2″ bottom_divider_height=”20vw” bottom_divider_repeat=”0.5x” bottom_divider_flip=”horizontal|vertical” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”27px|0px|0|0px|false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”||||||||” header_font=”Josefin Sans|700|||||||” header_font_size=”90px” header_line_height=”1.4em” header_2_font=”Josefin Sans||||||||” header_2_text_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.6)” header_2_font_size=”32px” header_2_line_height=”1.4em” background_layout=”dark” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”right” animation_intensity_slide=”4%” header_font_size_tablet=”50px” header_font_size_phone=”32px” header_font_size_last_edited=”on|desktop” header_2_font_size_tablet=”” header_2_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

My Publications<\/h1>\n

Biochemical Engineering\u00a0 \u00a0Food Processing Engineering\u00a0 \u00a0Swiftlets\u00a0 Edible Bird’s Nest\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_button button_url=”https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=srSxqfgAAAAJ&hl=en” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”CLICK HERE” button_alignment=”right” _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”22px” button_text_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.9)” button_bg_color=”#f47a55″ button_border_width=”8px” button_border_color=”#f47a55″ button_border_radius=”0px” button_letter_spacing=”0px” button_font=”Josefin Sans|700|||||||” custom_margin=”|90px||” custom_margin_phone=”|70px||” custom_margin_last_edited=”off|desktop” custom_padding=”|||” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_intensity_slide=”8%” button_text_size_phone=”20px” button_text_size_last_edited=”off|desktop” box_shadow_style=”preset3″ box_shadow_blur=”20px” box_shadow_spread=”-10px” global_colors_info=”{}” button_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”off” button_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ disabled_on=”on|off|off” module_class=” et_pb_row_fullwidth” _builder_version=”4.16″ width=”100%” width_tablet=”100%” width_phone=”” width_last_edited=”on|desktop” max_width=”100%” max_width_tablet=”100%” max_width_phone=”” max_width_last_edited=”on|desktop” make_fullwidth=”on” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”Josefin Sans|700||on|||||” text_text_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.2)” text_font_size=”15vw” text_line_height=”1em” quote_font=”||||||||” header_font=”||||||||” custom_margin=”||-0.4em|” custom_padding=”|||” filter_blur=”7px” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”right” animation_duration=”10000ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation_starting_opacity=”40%” animation_speed_curve=”linear” text_font_size_tablet=”124px” text_font_size_phone=”90px” text_font_size_last_edited=”off|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

TingHun<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,1_3,1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_number_counter title=”Citations” number=”1555″ percent_sign=”off” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ hover_enabled=”0″ box_shadow_style=”preset2″ box_shadow_color=”#e02b20″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″][\/et_pb_number_counter][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_number_counter title=”h-index” number=”18″ percent_sign=”off” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ hover_enabled=”0″ box_shadow_style=”preset2″ box_shadow_color=”#e09900″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″][\/et_pb_number_counter][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_number_counter title=”i10-index” number=”25″ percent_sign=”off” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ hover_enabled=”0″ box_shadow_style=”preset2″ box_shadow_color=”#66eb00″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″][\/et_pb_number_counter][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ prev_background_color=”#ffffff” next_background_color=”#ffffff” admin_label=”Testimonials” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#edeff4″ custom_padding=”54px|0px|100px|0px|false|false” top_divider_style=”arrow2″ bottom_divider_style=”arrow3″ animation_style=”zoom” animation_delay=”300ms” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ make_equal=”on” padding_top_bottom_link_1=”true” module_class=” et_pb_row_fullwidth” _builder_version=”4.16″ width=”100%” width_tablet=”100%” width_phone=”” width_last_edited=”on|desktop” max_width=”100%” max_width_tablet=”100%” max_width_phone=”” max_width_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_margin_tablet=”||30px|” custom_margin_phone=”” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|tablet” custom_padding=”0|64px|0|0|false|false” make_fullwidth=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”80px|80px|80px|10%” custom_padding_tablet=”0px|10%|0px|10%|true|true” custom_padding_phone=”” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|tablet” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”Open Sans||||||||” text_font_size=”18px” text_line_height=”1.8em” header_font=”||||||||” header_2_font=”Josefin Sans|700|||||||” header_2_text_align=”left” header_2_font_size=”32px” header_2_line_height=”1.5em” header_3_font=”Josefin Sans|700||on|||||” header_3_text_color=”rgba(43,51,68,0.2)” text_orientation=”justify” max_width=”700px” custom_margin=”||30px|” custom_padding=”|||” text_text_align=”justify” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

Book<\/h3>\n

Edible Bird’s Nest: An Incredible Salivary Bioproduct from Swiftlets<\/h2>\n

Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is a highly prized food and tonic among several ethnic groups in Southeast Asia. China is becoming more affluent with EBN, and the overall demand of EBN is exploding. The recently established health effects of EBN have made it a highly expensive animal bioproduct. There are several discussions in the book which are expected to be useful to the general readers, swiftlet farmers and researchers. Owing to the amazing food and medicinal values of EBN, we are glad to bring these beautiful assets of EBN at a higher stage through this book; so that more and more populations can know about this wonderful bioproduct.<\/span><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_button button_url=”https:\/\/www.morebooks.de\/store\/gb\/book\/edible-bird-s-nest:-an-incredible-salivary-bioproduct-from-swiftlets\/isbn\/978-3-659-79255-7″ url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Find the Book” _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_text_color=”#ffffff” button_bg_color=”#546180″ button_border_width=”14px” button_border_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0)” button_border_radius=”0px” button_letter_spacing=”1px” button_font=”Josefin Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_margin_tablet=”||50px|” custom_margin_phone=”||50px|” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”|||” animation_style=”fold” animation_direction=”left” animation_delay=”200ms” animation_intensity_fold=”20%” box_shadow_style=”preset3″ box_shadow_blur=”30px” box_shadow_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0.16)” button_border_radius_hover=”0px” button_letter_spacing_hover=”1px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” button_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_border_radius__hover_enabled=”on” button_border_radius__hover=”0px” button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”on” button_letter_spacing__hover=”1px” button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”off” button_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https:\/\/people.utm.my\/leetinghun\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/968\/2019\/08\/978-3-659-79255-7-full.jpg” background_size=”contain” custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”FAQ” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ max_width=”1280px” use_custom_width=”on” custom_width_px=”1280px” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”16px” text_line_height=”2em” ul_font=”||||||||” ol_font=”||||||||” header_font=”||||||||” header_2_font=”EB Garamond||||||||” header_2_font_size=”50px” header_2_line_height=”1.3em” header_3_font=”||||||||” header_4_font=”|700||on|||||” header_4_text_color=”#ffdaa4″ header_4_font_size=”12px” header_4_letter_spacing=”2px” header_4_line_height=”2em” header_5_font=”||||||||” header_6_font=”||||||||” header_2_font_size_tablet=”40px” header_2_font_size_phone=”30px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_2_text_shadow_style=”preset2″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

Newspaper articles<\/h2>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.25.2″ max_width=”1280px” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”right” animation_delay=”350ms” hover_enabled=”0″ use_custom_width=”on” custom_width_px=”1280px” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.25.2″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”right” animation_delay=”350ms” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
1.<\/td>\nArticle \u201cThe Truth on Edible Bird\u2019s Nest Nutritional Content\u201d. Published in Nanyang Shang Pau, 22 August 2011.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.<\/td>\nArticle \u201cBleaching Bird Nest\u201d. Published in Nanyang Shang Pau, 22 August 2011.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.<\/td>\nArticle \u201cThe Genuine Bird\u2019s Nest\u201d. Publishsed in China Press and Oriental Daily, 18 April 2005.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.<\/td>\nArticle \u201cKaedah terbaru uji tahap penceluran hanya 5 minit\u201d Published in Berita Harian 22 April 2004.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.<\/td>\nArticle \u201cCarte blanch\u201d Published in New Sunday Times 18 April 2004.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ next_background_color=”#ffffff” admin_label=”Support” _builder_version=”4.16″ use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_direction=”150deg” background_color_gradient_stops=”#ffba61 0%|#ffe970 100%” background_color_gradient_start=”#ffba61″ background_color_gradient_end=”#ffe970″ background_image=”https:\/\/people.utm.my\/leetinghun\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/968\/2019\/08\/hosting-company-02.png” background_size=”contain” background_position=”top_center” custom_padding=”15vw||8vw||false|false” bottom_divider_style=”wave2″ bottom_divider_repeat=”1.5x” animation_style=”flip” animation_direction=”bottom” animation_delay=”350ms” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” border_style_all=”dotted” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”16px” text_line_height=”2em” header_2_font=”Rubik|500|||||||” header_2_font_size=”52px” header_2_line_height=”1.2em” header_3_font_size=”38px” text_orientation=”center” background_layout=”dark” max_width=”700px” module_alignment=”center” custom_margin=”|-71px||||” header_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_2_font_size_phone=”32px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|desktop” header_3_font_size_tablet=”28px” header_3_font_size_phone=”20px” header_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” text_text_shadow_style=”preset1″ text_text_shadow_blur_strength=”2em” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

Malaysian Standards<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n
1.<\/td>\nEdible Birdnest (EBN)- Specification MS2334:2011<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.<\/td>\nGood Manufacturing Practice (GMP) for processing Raw-Unclean and Raw Clean Edible Birdnest (EBN) MS2333:2010<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.<\/td>\nGood Animal Husbandry Practice MS 2273:2009<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”16px” text_line_height=”2em” header_2_font=”Rubik|500|||||||” header_2_font_size=”52px” header_2_line_height=”1.2em” header_3_font_size=”38px” text_orientation=”center” background_layout=”dark” max_width=”700px” module_alignment=”center” header_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_2_font_size_phone=”32px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|desktop” header_3_font_size_tablet=”28px” header_3_font_size_phone=”20px” header_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” text_text_shadow_style=”preset1″ text_text_shadow_blur_strength=”2em” text_text_align=”center” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

Patents<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
1.<\/td>\nPI 20041745 Blanching Diagnostic Kit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.<\/td>\nPI2013700981 A Seed Removal Device<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.<\/td>\nIn Progress: Process for Identification of Geo Location of Avian Secretions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”FAQ” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”right” animation_delay=”350ms” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ max_width=”1280px” use_custom_width=”on” custom_width_px=”1280px” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_blurb title=”I Recommend You Read” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”||divi||400″ image_icon_width=”40px” _builder_version=”4.16″ header_font=”Merriweather||||||||” header_font_size=”42px” text_orientation=”center” header_text_shadow_style=”preset2″ text_shadow_style=”preset2″ icon_font_size=”40px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ max_width=”1280px” use_custom_width=”on” custom_width_px=”1280px” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_cta title=”Protective effect of edible bird\u2019s nest peptides against oxidative stress and inflammation in TNF-\u03b1 stimulated endothelial cells” button_url=”https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11694-025-03224-7″ url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Read More” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ background_color=”#fc00c1″ custom_padding=”|61px||||” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]\n

Bioactive peptides from edible bird\u2019s nest (EBN) were evaluated for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on TNF-\u03b1 stimulated human vascular endothelial cells.<\/p>\n

Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization 19(5), 3754\u20133767 (2025)<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_cta][et_pb_cta title=”Production and characterisation of dual-function antioxidant and anti-inflammatory peptides from edible bird\u2019s nest (EBN) protein hydrolysates” button_url=”https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11694-024-03015-6″ url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Read More” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ background_color=”#fc00c1″ custom_padding=”|61px||||” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]\n

Edible bird\u2019s nest (EBN) protein hydrolysates were produced and characterised as a source of peptides with dual antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.<\/p>\n

Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization 19(2), 952\u2013973 (2025)<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_cta][et_pb_cta title=”Purification, identification and molecular docking studies of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory peptides from Edible Bird’s Nest” button_url=”https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S030881462401447X” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Read More” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ background_color=”#fc00c1″ custom_padding=”|61px||||” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]\n

This study investigated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory peptides from Edible Bird’s Nest (EBN). The prepared EBN peptides were sequentially separated, purified, and successively identified by ultrafiltration, gel filtration and mass spectrometry techniques. Four potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory peptides were identified as Peptide 1 (LFWSPSVYLK), Peptide 2 (GWPHLEDNYLDW), Peptide 3 (NPPADLHK) and Peptide 4 (GDLAYLDQGHR). Molecular docking analysis revealed that Peptide 1 and Peptide 2 can competitively interrupt the formation of Keap1-Nrf2 due to the presence of hydrophobic and antioxidant amino acids in their peptide sequences. Peptide 3 and Peptide 4 have a strong effect on interacting with the binding site of IKK-\u03b2 due to the interaction of anti-inflammatory amino acids and\u00a0<\/span>C<\/em>-terminal arginine\/lysine. The four peptides were synthesised and validated for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The results suggest that the four peptides may serve as promising bioactive peptides for preventing oxidative stress and inflammation-related diseases.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

Q1, Impact factor: 8.8<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_cta][et_pb_cta title=”Functional and biological activities of Edible Bird\u2019s Nest (EBN) protein by proteomic and bioinformatic analyses” button_url=”https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11694-024-02383-3″ url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Read More” _builder_version=”4.25.2″ background_color=”#00a8e0″ custom_padding=”|61px||||” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]\n

Edible Bird’s Nest (EBN) is a traditional food in Southeast Asia that has been consumed for centuries. In addition to its high protein content, numerous researchers are now exploring the functional proteins of EBN, which have yet to be identified. The present study investigates the EBN proteome by integrating mass spectrometry with protein-based bioinformatics analysis. For protein recovery, three different precipitation techniques were employed; of these, the ammonium sulfate (AS) precipitation technique produced the highest protein yield (74.85%,\u00a0<\/span>p<\/i>\u2009<\u20090.05). The AS precipitation technique was effective in preserving the integrity of EBN proteins as revealed by protein electrophoresis. A total of 35 proteins were identified in the EBN-AS proteins. The predominant function of EBN-AS proteins is immunomodulation, which was further confirmed by their antioxidant [DPPH<\/span>\u00b7<\/sup>\u00a0activity (23.86%) and ABTS<\/span>\u00b7+<\/sup>\u00a0activity (41.97%)], anti-inflammatory [inhibition of nitric oxide production (22.84%), and inhibition of albumin denaturation (19.48%)] assay. Hence, EBN-AS proteins have the potential to regulate the immune system and could be used as natural ingredients for the development of functional foods.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

Q2, Impact factor: 3.4<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_cta][et_pb_cta title=”Chemopreventive and immunoadjuvant properties of standardised edible bird’s nest extract on human breast cancer cell line” button_url=”https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47836\/ifrj.30.2.17″ url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Read More” _builder_version=”4.22.1″ background_color=”#aa00af” custom_padding=”|61px||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

The present work investigated the chemopreventive and immunoadjuvant properties of edible bird\u2019s nest (EBN) extract on breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). Specifically, the cytotoxicity level of EBN extracts (HMG, EHMG, pHMG) against MCF-7, human immune cells of cytotoxic T cells, and monocytes (CD8+ and CD14+) were evaluated by measuring the production of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic molecules released in single and co-culture of MCF-7, CD8+, and CD14+ cells, before and after EBN treatment. The highest cytotoxic effect towards MCF-7 using IC50 of 15 \u00b5g\/mL was demonstrated by HMG but no effects on CD8+ and CD14+, with cell viability of more than 90%. At the mRNA level, activated CD8+ and CD14+ depicted increased pro-apoptotic gene expression after HMG treatment in co-culture. Additionally, HMG treatment increased apoptosis by down-regulating the regulation of anti-apoptotic genes and up-regulating the pro-apoptotic genes in MCF-7. ELISA and multiplex assay reflected increased pro-apoptotic factors, and decreased anti-apoptotic soluble factors, by non-activated and activated CD8+ and CD14+, in a single or co-culture with MCF-7 after HMG treatment. In conclusion, HMG extract possesses immunoadjuvant properties that can be a potential anticancer agent without causing any deleterious effects on the human immune cells.<\/p>\n

International Food Research Journal 30(2), 472\u2013486 (2023)<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_cta][et_pb_cta title=”Characteristics and trends in global Edible Bird\u2019s Nest (EBN) research (2002\u20132021): a review and bibliometric study” button_url=”https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11694-023-02006-3″ url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Read More” button_text_last_edited=”off|tablet” _builder_version=”4.22.1″ background_color=”#7CDA24″ custom_padding=”|61px||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

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Edible bird\u2019s nest (EBN) is a valuable animal bioproduct produced by Swiftlets in Southeast Asia. Numerous researchers reported that EBN has rich nutritional value and high bioactive potential with numerous therapeutic benefits. For the first time, this paper evaluated the EBN research knowledge to conduct an in-depth statistical analysis and identify research trends, advancements, and hotspots. For this purpose, a combined methodologies based on bibliometric analysis and literature review was adopted. In total, 148 publications related to research EBN from 2002 to 2021 were identified. Three research hotspots were reviewed and discussed: (i) authentication and identification of EBN, (ii) beneficial and therapeutic properties of EBN, and (iii) EBN as active ingredients for functional food development. EBN has excellent potential as a value-ingredient with beneficial properties for commercial applications. Finally, this study provides a comprehensive overview of the EBN research trends and describes some current challenges and trends, which will remain the research focus and potent tool for future food scientists working on EBN functional food development.<\/span><\/div>\n
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Q2, Impact factor: 3.4<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_cta][et_pb_cta title=”Plastic pyrolysis over HZSM-5 zeolite and fluid catalytic cracking catalyst under ultra-fast heating” button_url=”https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0165237022003631″ url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Read More” button_text_last_edited=”off|tablet” _builder_version=”4.22.1″ background_color=”#E02B20″ custom_padding=”|61px||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

Plastic pollution compromises the environment and human well-being, and a global transition to a circular economy of plastics is vital to address this challenge. Pyrolysis is a key technology for the end-of-life recycling of plastics, although high energy consumption limits the economic feasibility of the process. Various research has shown that the application of induction heating in biomass pyrolysis reduces energy consumption when compared to conventional heating. Nevertheless, the potential of induction heating in plastic pyrolysis is rarely explored. This paper presents an exploratory study on the thermal and\u00a0catalytic pyrolysis\u00a0of high-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, and\u00a0polypropylene\u00a0in a fixed bed reactor through induction heating. An MFI-type HZSM-5 zeolite (SiO<\/span>2<\/sub>\/Al<\/span>2<\/sub>O<\/span>3<\/sub>\u00a0=\u00a023) and an FAU-type spent\u00a0fluid catalytic cracking\u00a0(FCC) catalyst with distinctive Br\u00f8nsted acidity and textural properties were used. A complete conversion of the plastic feedstocks was achieved within 10\u00a0min, even without a catalyst. Thermal pyrolysis produced wax (72.4\u201373.9\u00a0wt%) and gas products, indicating a limited degree of polymer cracking. Catalytic pyrolysis over HZSM-5 and FCC catalyst significantly improved polymer cracking, leading to higher gas (up to 75.2\u00a0wt%) and liquid product (up to 35.9\u00a0wt%) yields at the expense of wax yield (up to 25.4\u00a0wt%). In general, the gas products were rich in C3 and C4 compounds. The liquid product\u00a0composition\u00a0was highly dependent on the catalyst properties, for example, the HZSM-5 produced high aromatics, while the FCC catalyst produced high\u00a0alkenes\u00a0in the liquid products. The catalyst acidity and textural properties played an essential role in plastic pyrolysis within the short reaction time. This study demonstrated the feasibility of a fast, energy-efficient, and versatile plastic valorization technology based on the application of induction heating, where the plastic feed can be converted into wax, gas, and liquid products depending on the end-use applications.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Q1, Impact factor: 6.0<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_cta][et_pb_cta title=”Antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of bioactive peptides from soursop (Annona muricata) leaf biomass” button_url=”https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13399-023-03993-5″ url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Read More” _builder_version=”4.20.1″ background_color=”#008404″ custom_padding=”|61px||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

This study investigated the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of soursop (<\/span>Annona muricata<\/i>) leaf biomass hydrolysates (SLH) extracted from the leaf proteins. The results revealed that flavourzyme-generated SLH showed the highest peptide content when compared to alcalase- and trypsin-generated SLH. Application of response surface methodology (RSM) remarkably increased peptide content under the optimized conditions at an E\/S ratio of 4% (w\/w), hydrolysis time of 4\u00a0h, a temperature of 50\u00a0\u00b0C, and pH of 7. SLH demonstrated stronger antioxidant (DPPH (22.92%) and ABTS (90.55%)) and antidiabetic (\u03b1-glucosidase inhibition (66.44%) and \u03b1-amylase inhibition (58.50%)) activities. A total of 14 peptides were identified as bioactive peptides, among which two peptides (FLAISPKAMK and WDSKWTHI) possessed the highest binding probability toward \u03b1-glucosidase and \u03b1-amylase. These peptides contain hydrophobic amino acids, which are important in improving the antioxidant activities of peptides. In conclusion, SLH could be useful for diabetes prevention.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Q2, Impact factor: 4.050<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_cta][et_pb_cta title=”Comparison of extraction methods of phytochemical compounds from white flower variety of Melastoma malabathricum” button_url=”https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0254629922001879″ url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Read More” _builder_version=”4.16.1″ background_color=”#E09900″ custom_padding=”|61px||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

Phytochemical compounds from plants provide good nutrient value and give immense health benefits to human health. The selection of a suitable extraction method is vital to obtain the targeted phytochemical compounds. In this study, the phytochemical compounds in white flower variety of Melastoma malabathricum aerial parts were extracted using Conventional Soxhlet Extraction (CSE), Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) and Modified Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (MUAE). The extraction performance was evaluated based on phytochemical analysis including total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), total saponin, total polysaccharide and total protein contents. The antioxidant activity of M. malabathricum extract was also determined using Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The analysis results showed significant effect (p<0.05) of MUAE method on TFC, TPC, total saponin, total polysaccharide, total protein content and DPPH (64.94 mg QE\/g, 538.6 mg GAE\/g, 1.87 mg EE\/g, 320.05 mg GE\/g, 399.32 mg BSA\/g and 18 \u00b5g\/mL respectively). Strong correlation effects between TFC (r = 0.992) and TPC (r = 0.993) on DPPH activity were observed. More than nineteen metabolites in M. malabathricum such as flavonoids, pentacyclic triterpenes, tannins, steroid, quinic acid and triterpenoid were detected using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with orbitrap mass spectrometry, and verified based on standard mass spectra and generated theoretical fragment. These results indicate that adoption of MUAE increases the efficiency of phytochemical compounds extraction when compared to the other two extraction methods studied.<\/p>\n

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Q2, Impact factor: 2.315<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_cta][et_pb_cta title=”Prevention of Enzymatic Browning by Natural Extracts and Genome-Editing: A Review on Recent Progress” button_url=”https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/3\/1101″ url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Read More” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”rgba(143,186,137,0.74)” custom_padding=”|61px||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

Fresh fruits and vegetable products are easily perishable during postharvest handling due to enzymatic browning reactions. This phenomenon has contributed to a significant loss of food quality and appearance. Thus, a safe and effective alternative method from natural sources is needed to tackle enzymatic browning prevention. The capabilities of natural anti-browning agents derived from plant- and animal-based resources in inhibiting enzymatic activity have been demonstrated in the literature. Some also possess strong antioxidants properties. This review aims to summarize a recent investigation regarding the use of natural anti-browning extracts from different sources for controlling the browning. The potential applications of genome-editing in preventing browning activity and improving postharvest quality is also discussed. Moreover, the patents on the anti-browning extract from natural sources is also presented in this review. The information reviewed here could provide new insights, contributing to the development of natural anti-browning extracts and genome-editing techniques for the prevention of food browning.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Q1, Impact factor: 4.412<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_cta][et_pb_cta title=”Editorial: Edible Bird\u2019s Nest\u2014Chemical Composition and Potential Health Efficacy and Risks” button_url=”https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.819461\/full?&utm_source=Email_to_authors_&utm_medium=Email&utm_content=T1_11.5e1_author&utm_campaign=Email_publication&field=&journalName=Frontiers_in_Pharmacology&id=819461″ url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Read More” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”rgba(0,156,247,0.74)” custom_padding=”|61px||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

Edible bird\u2019s nest (EBN) is a popular delicacy in the Asian Pacific region: this is a salivary secretion from several\u00a0<\/span>Aerodramus<\/em>\u00a0spp. swiftlets, mainly\u00a0<\/span>Aerodramus fuciphagus<\/em>, which originated in Southeast Asian countries, including Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam. The historical record of EBN for human consumption can be tracked back to about 1,500\u00a0years ago in China. Today, the consumption of EBN as food or as a medicinal product is very common in Asian populations. According to ancient literature, EBN is able to alleviate respiratory health conditions, such as asthma, and is believed to have an impact in skin physiology. Despite the potential functional roles and popularity of this ethnomedicine in Asian cultures, the pharmacological research on EBN is still very limited. These claims of beneficial effects are questionable due to the lack of strong supporting experimental evidence. On the other hand, the production of EBN today is totally depending on swiftlets. The natural habitat of swiftlets is varied according to their surrounding environment, which therefore greatly affects the final product of EBN. Foreign contaminants not related to bioactive proteins or peptides secreted from the swiftlet are frequently identified. The chemical variation, as well as possible contaminants, of EBN is inevitable, leading to possible risks for the consumers. Nevertheless, the scientific community should provide experimental evidence in identifying the chemical composition, pharmacological property, and diversity of contaminants of EBN.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Q1, Impact factor: 5.810<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_cta][et_pb_cta title=”Amino acid determination by HPLC combined with multivariate approach for geographical classification of Malaysian Edible Bird\u2019s Nest” button_url=”https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0889157522000175″ url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Read More” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#5e66b5″ custom_padding=”|61px||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

Edible Bird\u2019s Nest (EBN) is mainly used as a functional food where its quality is affected by many factors including geographical region. This study aims to differentiate the EBN from West Malaysia (WM) and East Malaysia (EM) based on amino acid profiles by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with multivariate approach. A total of 33 authentic EBN samples were collected from WM (<\/span>n<\/em>\u00a0= 23) and EM (<\/span>n<\/em>\u2009=\u200910) for classification. The data obtained was used to identify the reliable potential markers between WM and EM via serial multivariate analysis including hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). EBN samples from WM and EM were clearly distinguished by the developed OPLS-DA model with high prediction ability (Q<\/span>2<\/sup>) of 62.7 %. The model\u2019s robustness was validated and blind test samples were 100 % properly allocated to their respective groups. Glycine, cysteine, tryptophan and aspartic acid were proposed as potential markers to classify the EBN from WM and EM. Overall, the predictive model shows high accuracy for EBN classification.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Q1, Impact factor: 4.556<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_cta][et_pb_cta title=”Integrated ultrasound-mechanical stirrer technique for extraction of total alkaloid content from Annona muricata” button_url=”https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S135951132100218X#!” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Read More” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#12876F” custom_padding=”|61px||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

Ultrasound-mechanical stirrer assisted extraction (UMSAE) of extraction yield, total alkaloid content (TAC) and antioxidant (DPPH) activity from\u00a0<\/span>Annona muricata<\/em>\u00a0leaves were optimized using response surface methodology. Five factors were screened using Plackett-Burman Design to investigate the variables that significantly influence the extraction yield, TAC and DPPH activity, namely solvent concentration, extraction time, ultrasound power, plant material to solvent ratio, and extraction temperature. According to statistical significance analysis, solvent concentration, ultrasound power, plant material to solvent ratio, and extraction temperature were selected for further optimization of the UMSAE extraction process using a Central Composite Design. ANOVA results exhibited that the obtained models were significant at 95 % confidence level. Satisfactory extraction yields (26.38 %) and TAC (39.73 mg AE\/g) were obtained with relatively short extraction time under the optimum conditions compared with conventional Soxhlet extraction. The extract prepared under UMSAE displayed excellent DPPH activity (93.15 %). The optimized UMSAE promoted considerable yield increases 1.59-fold the yield extract, 2.32-fold TAC, and 1.19-fold antioxidant activity if compared to the Soxhlet extraction. This study provides the ideal integrated UMSAE settings for the maximum recovery of total alkaloid content with high antioxidant activity from\u00a0<\/span>A. muricata<\/em>\u00a0for possible utilization of their leaves in food applications.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Q2, Impact factor: 3.757<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_cta][et_pb_cta title=”Geographical Factor Influences the Metabolite Distribution of House Edible Bird’s Nests in Malaysia” button_url=”https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.658634\/full” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Read More” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#0DA0C5″ custom_padding=”|61px||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

Background:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>Edible Bird’s Nest (EBN) is famously consumed as a food tonic for its high nutritional values with numerous recuperative and therapeutic properties. EBN is majority exploited from swiftlet houses but the differences in terms of metabolite distribution between the production site of house EBN is not yet fully understood. Therefore, this study was designed to identify the metabolite distribution and to determine the relationship pattern for the metabolite distribution of house EBNs from different locations in Malaysia.<\/p>\n

Methods:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>The differences of metabolite distribution in house EBN were studied by collecting the samples from 13 states in Malaysia. An extraction method of eHMG was acquired to extract the metabolites of EBN and was subjected to non-targeted metabolite profiling\u00a0<\/span>via<\/i>\u00a0<\/span>liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Unsupervised multivariate analysis and Venn diagram were used to explore the relationship pattern among the house EBNs in Malaysia. The geographical distribution surrounded the swiftlet house was investigated to understand its influences on the metabolite distribution.<\/p>\n

Results:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>The hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) combined with correlation coefficient revealed the differences between the house EBNs in Malaysia with four main clusters formation. The metabolites distribution among these clusters was unique with their varied combination of geographical distribution. Cluster 1 grouped EBNs from Selangor, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Terengganu which geographically distributed with major oil palm field in township; Cluster 2 included Perak and Sarawak with high distribution of oil palm in higher altitude; Cluster 3 included Perlis, Kelantan, Kedah, Penang from lowland of paddy field in village mostly and Cluster 4 grouped Sabah, Pahang, Johor which are majorly distributed with undeveloped hills. The metabolites which drove each cluster formation have happened in a group instead of individual key metabolite. The major metabolites that characterised Cluster 1 were fatty acids, while the rest of the clusters were peptides and secondary metabolites.<\/p>\n

Conclusion:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>The metabolite profiling conducted in this study was able to discriminate the Malaysian house EBNs based on metabolites distribution. The factor that most inferences the differences of house EBNs were the geographical distribution, in which geographical distribution affects the distribution of insect and the diet of swiftlet.<\/p>\n

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Q1, Impact factor: 6.576<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_cta][et_pb_cta title=”Edible Bird\u2019s Nest: The Functional Values of the Prized Animal-Based Bioproduct From Southeast Asia\u2013A Review” button_url=”https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.626233\/full” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Read More” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#8F8F8F” custom_padding=”|61px||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

Edible Bird\u2019s Nest (EBN) is the most prized health delicacy among the Chinese population in the world. Although some scientific characterization and its bioactivities have been studied and researched, no lights have been shed on its actual composition or mechanism. The aim of this review paper is to address the advances of EBN as a therapeutic animal bioproduct, challenges and future perspectives of research involving EBN. The methodology of this review primarily involved a thorough search from the literature undertaken on Web of Science (WoS) using the keyword \u201cedible bird nest\u201d. Other information were obtained from the field\/market in Malaysia, one of the largest EBN-producing countries. This article collects and describes the publications related to EBN and its therapeutic with diverse functional values. EBN extracts display anti-aging effects, inhibition of influenza virus infection, alternative traditional medicine in athletes and cancer patients, corneal wound healing effects, stimulation of proliferation of human adipose-derived stem cells, potentiate of mitogenic response, epidermal growth factor-like activities, enhancement of bone strength and dermal thickness, eye care, neuroprotective and antioxidant effects. In-depth literature study based on scientific findings were carried out on EBN and its properties. More importantly, the future direction of EBN in research and development as health-promoting ingredients in food and the potential treatment of certain diseases have been outlined.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Q1, Impact factor: 5.810<\/div>\n[\/et_pb_cta][et_pb_cta title=”Differentiation Unclean and Cleaned Edible Bird’s Nest using Multivariate Analysis of Amino Acid Composition Data” button_url=”http:\/\/www.pertanika.upm.edu.my\/resources\/files\/Pertanika%20PAPERS\/JST%20Vol.%2029%20(1)%20Jan.%202021\/36%20JST-2174-2020.pdf” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Read More” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#00457a” custom_padding=”|61px||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

Edible Bird\u2019s Nest (EBN) has been used as a health modulator for many centuries. Nutrient degradation in EBN always happen during cleaning process due to many factors such as temperature and long soaking time in water. The present study attempts to find the difference between unclean and cleaned EBN in their amino acid composition. A total of 65 EBN samples were collected directly from swiftlet premises in 13 states of Malaysia to ensure the coverage of geographical location differences. A standardized cleaning method had been adapted from the industry to clean the collected EBN sample in the lab. Then it was analysed for amino acids composition. After that OPLS-DA multivariate model was used to discriminate the unclean and cleaned EBN on 18 types of amino acids composition. The model was robust with classification and predictive ability of 76.1% and 64.5%, respectively. The model was further validated with sample blind test and 100% of the sample was accurately fall into their respective cluster, unclean and cleaned EBN. The findings suggest that three major amino acids with the highest VIP value were Aspartic acid, Methionine and Glutamic acid and proposed as the marker for discriminating the unclean and cleaned EBN.<\/p>\n

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Scopus index<\/div>\n[\/et_pb_cta][et_pb_cta title=”UPLC-orbitrap-MS\/MS based characterization of phytochemical compounds from Malaysia purple corn (Zea mays)” button_url=”https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S1878818121000189″ url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Read More” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#44580e” custom_padding=”|61px||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

Purple corn (<\/span>Zea mays<\/em>) is one of the newly introduced important cash crops in Malaysia. It is a fast turnover crop, health-promoting that partially due to the secondary metabolite composition. However, little is known on its content and its secondary metabolite since it is first planted in Malaysia. Purple corn kernels were extracted in 1.5\u00a0N HCl-95% ethanol and the extracted compounds were separated on a C<\/span>18<\/sub>\u00a0column followed by an extensive characterization using UPLC-Orbitrap-MS\/MS method in two ionization modes. A total of 12 metabolite compounds belong to different chemical groups (phenolic, flavonoid, alkaloid, ester, and fatty acid) and other organic compounds were tentatively identified, offering the first qualitative analysis available on the phytochemicals from purple corn. The data obtained in this study will provide a better understanding on the chemical composition of purple corn in Malaysia and hence, it could be used in food product developments and nutraceutical research based on this newly introduced crop.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Scopus index<\/div>\n[\/et_pb_cta][et_pb_cta title=”Edible bird\u2019s nest: A potential product breakthrough” button_url=”https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Lee_Ting_Hun\/publication\/260438412_Edible_Bird’_s_Nest_A_Potential_Product_Breakthrough\/links\/0f317531e81c185fd0000000.pdf” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Read More” _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|61px||||” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n
EBN (known in Chinese as Yan Wo, Indonesia as Sarang Walet, and Japanese as Enso) is the dried glutinous secretion of the salivary glands from Southern Asia swiftlets. Edible Bird\u2019s Nest (EBN) was a significant item in the cuisine and pharmacy of the Emperors of China during the 16th century (Lau and Melville, 1994). EBN has been known considered to be one of the most precious food items by the Chinese for thousands of years (Ou et al., 2001). The EBN industry is a multimillion dollar enterprise as EBN is valued at USD 1600\/kg and is one of the industries that are not affected by the global recession (Yeap, 2002).<\/div>\n
In general, EBN can be divided into cave nest (harvested from natural caves) and house nest (made in attic of the countryside house\/cultivated in buildings). Dried and cleaned EBN is double-boiled with sugar to become bird\u2019s nest soup for consumption. The advancement in technology enabled a large variety of EBN-related products emerged in the market. These products are readily serves in canned or precooked form. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), EBN is believed to offer good effects for treating consumptive disease, curing tuberculosis, dry coughs, alleviating asthma, stomach ulcer, relieving gastric troubles and general<\/div>\n[\/et_pb_cta][et_pb_cta title=”Effects of Edible Bird\u2019s Nest (EBN) on Cultured Rabbit Corneal Keratinocytes” button_url=”https:\/\/bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1472-6882-11-94″ url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Read More” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#dfb758″ global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

There has been no effective treatment or agent that is available for corneal injury in promoting corneal wound healing. Previous studies on edible bird’s nest extract (EBN) had reported the presence of hormone-like substance; avian epidermal growth factor that could stimulate cell division and enhance regeneration. This study aimed to investigate the effects of EBN on corneal keratocytes proliferative capacity and phenotypical changes.\u00a0Corneal keratocytes from six New Zealand White Rabbits were isolated and cultured until Passage 1. The proliferative effects of EBN on corneal keratocytes were determined by MTT assay in serum-containing medium (FDS) and serum-free medium (FD). Keratocytes phenotypical changes were morphologically assessed and gene expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), collagen type 1 and lumican were determined through RT-PCR.\u00a0The highest cell proliferation was observed when both media were supplemented with 0.05% and 0.1% EBN. Cell proliferation was also consistently higher in FDS compared to FD. Both phase contrast micrographs and gene expression analysis confirmed the corneal keratocytes retained their phenotypes with the addition of EBN.\u00a0These results suggested that low concentration of EBN could synergistically induce cell proliferation, especially in serum-containing medium. This could be a novel breakthrough as both cell proliferation and functional maintenance are important during corneal wound healing. The in vitro test is considered as a crucial first step for nutri-pharmaceutical formation of EBN-based eye drops before in vivo application.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Q2, Impact factor: 2.109<\/span><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_cta][et_pb_cta title=”Edible Bird\u2019s nest extract as a chondro-protective agent for human chondrocytes isolated from osteoarthritic knee: in vitro study” button_url=”https:\/\/bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1472-6882-13-19″ url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Read More” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#0c71c3″ global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that results in the destruction of cartilage. Edible Bird\u2019s Nest (EBN) extract contains important components, which can reduce the progression of osteoarthritis and helps in the regeneration of the cartilage. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of EBN extract on the catabolic and anabolic activities of the human articular chondrocytes (HACs) isolated from the knee joint of patients with OA.\u00a0A single batch of EBN extract was prepared with hot-water extraction and coded as HMG. HACs were isolated from the knee joint cartilage removed during surgery. The optimum concentration of HMG for HAC cultures was determined using MTT assay. The effect of HMG on the catabolic and anabolic genes\u2019 expression in HACs was measured by real-time PCR. The total amount of prostaglandin E2<\/sub>\u00a0(PGE2<\/sub>) production was determined by ELISA method, and the total sulphated glycosaminoglycan (GAGs) production was quantified by 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) assay.\u00a0MTT assay showed 0.50% – 1.00% HMG supplementation promoted HACs proliferation. HMG supplementation was able to reduce the catabolic genes\u2019 expression in cultured HACs such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMP1 & MMP3), Interleukin 1, 6 and 8 (IL-1, IL-6 & IL-8), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Prostaglandin E2<\/sub>\u00a0(PGE2<\/sub>) production was significantly reduced in HAC cultures supplemented with HMG. With regard to anabolic activity assessment, type II collagen, Aggrecan and SOX-9 gene expression as well as sGAG production was increased in the HMG supplemented groups.\u00a0Edible Bird\u2019s Nest extract coded as HMG demonstrated chondro-protection ability on human articular chondrocytes in vitro. It reduced catabolic activities and increased cartilage extracellular matrix synthesis. It is concluded that HMG is a potential agent in the treatment of osteoarthritis.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Q2, Impact factor: 2.109<\/span><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_cta][et_pb_cta title=”Investigations into the physicochemical, biochemical and antibacterial properties of Edible Bird\u2019s Nest” button_url=”https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Lee_Ting_Hun\/publication\/280800566_Investigations_into_the_physicochemical_biochemical_and_antibacterial_properties_of_Edible_Bird’s_Nest\/links\/55c9af7308aea2d9bdc9443d.pdf” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Read More” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#7cda24″ global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

Edible bird\u2019s nest (EBN) islong known as a delicacy and medicine among the Chinese communities all over the world. This work reports thephysicochemical, biochemical and antibacterial properties of EBN obtained from the swiftlet premises in Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. Carbohydrates (46.47%) and proteins (35.8%) were the major constituents, with little fats (1.5%) and no fibre. Amino acid analysis by AccQ. Tag method revealed all eighteen types of amino acids including the eight essential ones. The heavy metal contents were within infant formula specification limits. Sodium, magnesium, potassium and calcium were the major minerals found. Alkaline conditions and heat treatment were the parameters that significantly affected the protein extraction from EBN. Out of the four EBN extracts (Run 1, Run 10, Oda and Goh) prepared; Run 10 had the highest protein content and anti-oxidant power, however, no direct correlations between protein content and the anti-oxidant power could be established. Oda and Goh extracts produced visible bands in the electrophoretic analysis in comparison to the Run 10 and Run 1 extracts. None of the extracts showed any antibacterial activity towards Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Scopus index<\/span><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_cta][et_pb_cta title=”Gel electrophoretic and liquid chromatographic methods for the identification and authentication of cave and house edible bird’s nests from common adulterants” button_url=”https:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/en\/content\/articlelanding\/2016\/ay\/c5ay02170g\/unauth#!divAbstract” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Read More” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#8300e9″ global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

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The increasing demands for edible bird’s nests (EBNs) have remarkably increased their price. Presently, several fake materials are being adulterated into EBNs for the purpose of earning extra profits. In order to identify the adulterants and authenticate EBN, efforts were made to investigate and compare the protein and amino acid profiles of cave and house EBNs with white fungus, jelly, fish swimming bladder and egg white. The protein profiling indicated 10 bands for cave nests with two strong bands at 30 and 35 kDa. House nest proteins consisted of 9 bands with major bands at 120 and 140 kDa. White fungus displayed three dim bands at 22, 35 and 75 kDa whereas egg white was found to contain two predominant bands at 35 and 75 kDa. Fish swimming bladder showed substantial streaking of protein bands after dilution whereas the protein profile of jelly did not present any band. The amino acid analysis revealed that EBN consisted of 17 types of amino acids. The major amino acids in cave and house nests were aspartic acid, arginine, histidine & leucine, and aspartic acid, glutamic acid, histidine & leucine, respectively. White fungus consisted of 16 types of amino acids in concentrations lower than that in EBN samples. Fish swimming bladder was rich in 6 amino acids. Egg white contained 16 types of amino acids with aspartic acid, glutamic acid, leucine and lysine in major quantities. However, jelly was found to contain no amino acids at all. Both the analytical procedures provided finger print profiles of the protein and amino acid compositions of the cave and house nests distinct from the adulterants. These results taken together can be used for the identification and authentication of any of these fake materials in EBN.<\/p>\n

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Q2, Impact factor: 2.073<\/p>\n<\/div>\n[\/et_pb_cta][et_pb_cta title=”Recent advances in the identification and authentication methods of edible bird’s nest” button_url=”https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0963996917303629″ url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Read More” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#e02b20″ global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is an expensive animal bioproduct due to its reputation as a food and delicacy with diverse medicinal properties. One kilogram of EBN costs ~$6000 in China. EBN and its products are consumed in mostly Asian countries such as China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam and Thailand, making up almost 1\/3 of world population. The rapid growth in EBN consumption has led to a big rise in the trade scale of its global market. Presently, various fake materials such as tremella fungus, pork skin, karaya<\/span>\u00a0gum, fish swimming bladder, jelly, agar, monosodium glutamate and egg white are used to adulterate EBNs for earning extra profits. Adulterated or fake EBN may be hazardous to the consumers. Thus, it is necessary to identify of the adulterants. Several sophisticated techniques based on genetics, immunochemistry, spectroscopy, chromatography and gel electrophoresis have been used for the detection of various types of adulterants in EBN. This article describes the recent advances in the authentication methods for EBN. Different genetic, immunochemical, spectroscopic and analytical methods such as genetics (DNA) based techniques, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopic techniques, and chromatographic and gel electrophoretic methods have been discussed. Besides, significance of the reported methods that might pertain them to applications in EBN industry has been described. Finally, efforts have been made to discuss the challenges and future perspectives of the authentication methods for EBN.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Q1, Impact factor: 3.520<\/span><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_cta][et_pb_cta title=”Characterization of Polar and Non\u2010Polar Compounds of House Edible Bird\u2019s Nest (EBN) from Johor, Malaysia” button_url=”https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/cbdv.201900419″ url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Read More” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#474747″ global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

This work investigated the polar (PC: protein, amino acid and metabolite) and non\u2010polar (NPC: fatty acid) compounds and bioactivity characteristics of the EBN harvested from the state of Johor in Malaysia. The electrophoretic gels exhibited 15 protein bands (16\u2010173 kD) with unique protein profile. Amino acids analysis by AccQ\u2022Tag method revealed 18 types of amino acids in EBN. Metabolite profiling was performed using High\u2010Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Quadrupole Time\u2010of\u2010Flight Mass Spectrometer (HPLC\u2010QTOF\/MS) technique and a total of 54 compounds belonging to different groups were detected and identified. These findings help to uncover the relation of therapeutic activity of EBN. The EBN was further extracted with EtOAC and n\u2010BuOH. The EtOAc extract was fractionated into 3 fractions (F1\u2010F3), and the high triglyceride content in F2 was verified by GC\u2010FID. The three groups of fatty acids discovered in EBN are 48.43% of poly\u2010unsaturated (PUFA), 25.35% of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and 24.74% of mono\u2010unsaturated fat (MUFA). These results were first to report EBN n\u2010BuOH and EtOAc extracts and fraction F2 (TEBN) were analyzed for their antioxidant activity by the DPPH, ABTS and catalase assay and for their paraoxanase and anti\u2010tyrosinase activities. The results showed that TEBN exhibited the significant bioactivity determination in all assays. These findings suggest that TEBN is a good source for natural bioactive compounds in promoting body vigour. Current work widened the content of EBN especially on the triglyceride and also marked the content of specific location (Johor, Malaysia) of EBN origin.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Q2, Impact factor: 2.039<\/span><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_cta][et_pb_cta title=”Untargeted metabolite profiling on the water-soluble metabolites of edible bird\u2019s nest through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry” button_url=”https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7096308\/” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Read More” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#007fe0″ global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

Edible bird\u2019s nest (EBN) is the nutrient-rich salivary bioproduct produced by swiftlets in Southeast Asia. Currently, researchers are exploring the therapeutic effects of EBN, such as cell growth promotion, antioxidant content, antiviral effects, bone strengthening, eyes care, and neuroprotection bioactivities. The therapeutic effects of EBN have been studied through different extraction methods but the metabolites profile of the EBN in each extract has not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to profile the water-soluble metabolites of EBN prepared in different extraction methods. Subsequently, an extraction method will be selected as an ideal extraction method for untargeted metabolite profiling on the water-soluble metabolites in EBN. In this study, water-soluble metabolites of EBN extracted by the four extraction methods were subjected to metabolite profiling through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The extraction methods were acid extraction(ABN), pancreatic extraction (EzBN), eHMG extraction, and spray drying of HMG extraction (pHMG). The metabolite profiles, such as the number of metabolites and their identities in each extraction method, were evaluated through LC-MS analysis. The identity of metabolites present in the four extraction methods is inconsistent. Based on LC-MS analysis, only one and six metabolites were extracted differently through EzBN and ABN, respectively, in the first pre-screening. Through the second LC-MS screening on pHMG and eHMG extraction methods, eHMG was selected as an ideal extraction method due to the highest numbers of water-soluble metabolites with an amount of 193 was detected. Besides, eHMG extraction method was able to extract sialic acid and a high percentage of secondary metabolites. This study suggests that eHMG is the ideal extraction method for extracting higher number of water-soluble metabolites from EBN and could be further developed as an extraction method for industry application. In addition, this study also has identified the types of primary and secondary metabolites present in EBN.<\/p>\n

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Scopus index<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_cta][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Footer” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_blurb title=”Universiti Teknologi Malaysia” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”||divi||400″ icon_color=”#f47a55″ image_icon_width=”32px” _builder_version=”4.16″ header_font=”Josefin Sans|700||on|||||” header_text_align=”center” body_font=”Open Sans||||||||” body_text_align=”center” body_font_size=”18px” icon_font_size=”32px” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

School of Chemical and Energy Engineering<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_blurb title=”EMAIL Me” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”||divi||400″ icon_color=”#f47a55″ image_icon_width=”32px” _builder_version=”4.16″ header_font=”Josefin Sans|700||on|||||” header_text_align=”center” body_font=”Open Sans||||||||” body_text_align=”center” body_font_size=”18px” animation_style=”fold” animation_direction=”left” animation_delay=”200ms” animation_intensity_fold=”20%” icon_font_size=”32px” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

leetinghun@utm.my<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.22.1″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.22.1″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.22.1″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image _builder_version=”4.22.1″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

My Publications Biochemical Engineering\u00a0 \u00a0Food Processing Engineering\u00a0 \u00a0Swiftlets\u00a0 Edible Bird’s Nest\u00a0TingHunBook Edible Bird’s Nest: An Incredible Salivary Bioproduct from Swiftlets Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is a highly prized food and tonic among several ethnic groups in Southeast Asia. China is becoming more affluent with EBN, and the overall demand of EBN is exploding. The recently […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22517,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1280","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/leetinghun\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1280","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/leetinghun\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/leetinghun\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/leetinghun\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/22517"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/leetinghun\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1280"}],"version-history":[{"count":38,"href":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/leetinghun\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1280\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2814,"href":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/leetinghun\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1280\/revisions\/2814"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/leetinghun\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1280"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}