{"id":1055,"date":"2013-03-02T16:03:00","date_gmt":"2013-03-02T08:03:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/people.utm.my\/mfadhil\/?page_id=1055"},"modified":"2019-12-19T15:19:39","modified_gmt":"2019-12-19T07:19:39","slug":"my-postgraduate-topics","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/mfadhil\/my-postgraduate-topics\/","title":{"rendered":"My Postgraduate Topics"},"content":{"rendered":"

ZERO WASTE POLICY FOR SUSTAINABLE SERVICES AND GREEN CAMPUS COMMUNITY<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract\/Executive Summary<\/span><\/p>\n

The amount of solid wastes generated on University campuses has seen an increasing trend, and options to capitalize on different types of wastes as an asset that can both generate income and introduce savings in expenditure needs looking at. A shift from treating wastes as non-productive can also lead to a change in how people on campus view waste management and encourage the adoption of a greener lifestyle. In addition, by strategically introducing policies and regulatory measures that influence consumption and procurement patterns, the University can help contribute towards meeting the aspirations outlined in the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. The case study of the four Universities, i.e. UTM, UKM, UPM, and UM can help shed light on the options towards the adoption of measures to put in effect a Zero Waste Policy and its supporting instruments to ensure effective implementation. The focus group would be the University top management, and the subject matter of study; the existing systems in place that govern University waste management. The four Universities, i.e. the selected campuses of study, will be treated as living labs, and apart from the current governance practice in place, the waste management cycle, as well as the types, volumes, categories, and characteristics of wastes generated will be looked at. This includes focusing on addressing the goal of zero organic wastes to landfill and turning waste into a source for University income generation and cost savings, as well a source to spur research and innovation within the campus, providing options for the advancement of postgraduate research, and perhaps entrepreneurship. Attitudes and behaviors, particularly towards migrating from the present practice and understanding of waste management, towards a sustainable waste management approach and greener lifestyle, i.e. the acceptance of new norms, will also be explored.<\/p>\n

THERMAL COMFORT INDEX FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF HEAT-ILLNESS INCIDENT<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract\/Executive Summary<\/span><\/p>\n

Understanding outdoor thermal comfort is essential for urban development in the tropical climate. Environmental heat exposure is a serious health hazard that is responsible for heat illness and mortality. In Malaysia, heat-related illnesses been categorized as a medical emergency which may lead to mortality as high as 70% in cases of heatstroke\u00a0in Malaysia. However, if the treatment is started without delay, survival rates can approach 100%. High-risk groups such as the elderly, athletes, individuals with health problems, and the urban poor are particularly susceptible to extreme heat events. Extreme heat may affect human physiological parameters such as body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and pulse rate and these physiological changes could result in dehydration, heat rashes, heat exhaustion, heat injury and worst of all heat stroke. Hence preventive measures and management procedures are vital in mitigating heat-related illness. This study aims to analyze heat impacts from the surrounding environment that affects human physiological parameters, and further formulate a tropical thermal comfort index for assessment of heat-illness. Highly risk group of people athletes and elderly will be subjected to physiological analysis such as heart rate, pulse, body temperature in the outdoor environment that mimics the urban heat island effect. Next, a subjective measurement using questionnaire surveys towards such groups to determine the human thermal responses in existing environmental conditions will be analyzed via various terms of acceptability and thermal perception. Finally, the relationship between thermal perception will be correlated to determine the degree of thermal stress they experience and identify a suitable thermal index based on the different types of built-up environments. This fundamental study will allow a better understanding of the person with health problems about the safe range of thermal comfort by finding out the most comfortable environment conditions and useful for an early warning system in tropical climates.<\/p>\n

CELLULYTIC ENZYMES FROM AGRO-WASTE AS CEMENT COMPOSITES FOR COOL-ISLAND BUILDING<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract\/Executive Summary<\/span><\/p>\n

The banana tree is an interesting tree in which all parts of the banana tree have their own uses. However, in this study, the banana pseudostem is determined and becomes a great concern since nowadays, it leaves at the field and rot. This banana pseudostem are also chosen because of it cellulose content compared to other commercial vegetable plants are much higher.\u00a0 The ideas are to extract the cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) from pseudostem that can become a compromising material that can be used as a replacement to existing chemical admixture for cement composites into something more natural based. This research discusses the usage of nano cellulosic components of the banana tree reacts as strengthening agent admixture of cement composites. This study will be conducted in order to accommodate more sustainable materials that starts to form the production of the CNC until it becomes an admixture to the cement composites that can improve the performance of the cement composites. This product is tested on its strength, deformation behavior, durability, thermal properties, and soundness. All tests are conducted by following the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) standard and British Standard (BS).<\/p>\n

<\/a>INVESTIGATION ON THE HANDLING OPTIONS OF FLUOROCARBONS (FCS) REFRIGERANTS RETRIEVED FROM AIR CONDITIONING UNIT IN MALAYSIA<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract\/Executive Summary<\/span><\/p>\n

Malaysia is currently under the obligation of fulfilling the Montreal Protocol hence the government of Malaysia has designed and execute many policies in order to phase-out chlorofluorocarbon. The first plan that has been executed is the \u2018National FC Country Program\u2019 that has begun from 1992 till 2001. This program is then succeeded with the \u2018National \u2018CFC Phase-out Plan\u2019 from 2002 till 2010. From 2011 till 2016, the Government has launched the \u2018National HCFC Phase-out Plan\u2019 to remove HCFC from the market. The research is aligned with the current policy as it will investigate the current status of Malaysia\u2019s usage on HCFC and determine the acceptance of the new substance towards the local manufacturers and markets. They will act as an aid towards government effort to gradually phase out HCFC and will provide the relevant information needed towards this policy and future efforts. The scope of this research is limited to the process of handling FCs among stakeholders in Malaysia. This narrows down towards selected premises that would undergo the process of recycling, reclaim or destruction. Nevertheless, not all premises would carry out proper handling as it is not the common practice in Malaysia and the regulation in Malaysia is limited towards the import and export of FCs materials. The research would also include the National Phase-Out Programmed.<\/p>\n

PILOT SCALE MUSHROOM RESOURCES CULTIVATION FOR WASTE-TO-WEALTH AGRICULTURE VALUE<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract\/Executive Summary<\/span><\/p>\n

In Malaysia, paddy field and palm oil plantation had produced a lot of waste annually. Alternative methods of utilizing these agricultural wastes are needed to mitigate the environmental pollution associated with the current disposal method, such as open-field burning. Since both contain high protein and carbohydrates which is very suitable for mushroom production and animal feedstock such as a cow. The conventional method in Malaysia had used sawdust as a mushroom substrate and not suitable for animal feedstock. This project focused on turning waste to wealth projects by using EFB and rice straw for mushroom cultivation. Usually, sawdust is used for mushroom cultivation but this project will use the agricultural waste from oil mill and paddy which are from local materials and might give major benefits to society by producing an organic mushroom that has high protein and may reduced pollution to the environment. Hence, the waste from mushroom cultivation can be animal feedstock such as cows. It is an international industrial collaboration made between Kagoshima National College of Technology, Japan and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, mainly from the Institute of Environment and Water Resources Management (IPASA), Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD) and Organic Mushroom SDN. BHD. Therefore, this research aimed to develop such a pilot study on a feed conversion ratio of different livestock using the mushroom beds as the feedstock. This study involves technology and knowledge transfer on the development of mushroom bed composition employing palm oil mill effluent and paddy straw which caters to different types of agricultural livestock in Malaysia. The success of this research can be commercialized locally to build an environmentally sustainable nation in the year 2020<\/p>\n

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HEAT REFLECTANCE AND ANTIFUNGAL COMPOUNDS FROM WASTED SLUDGE AS PIGMENTATION AGENT<\/b><\/p>\n

Abstract\/Executive Summary<\/span><\/p>\n

The accumulation of a tremendous amount of waste sludge from many industries in landfills has become a serious threat to the environment. Sludge contains considerable amounts of valuable compounds such as titanium dioxide and chromium(III) oxide. In this study, sludge produced from the wastewater treatment plant and tiles industry is recycled using an eco-friendly extraction process. This study has significant potential towards lowering the cost of waste disposal, protect the environment and yield economically useful by-product. TiO2 <\/sub>is an attractive material due to its chemical stability and non-toxic properties.\u00a0The extracted compounds such as TiO2<\/sub> and chromium(III) oxide will be used as pigmentation in the paint. In this study, heat reflective and antifungal 2-in-paint will be developed using compounds extracted from sludge. Many tropical countries facing problems of uncontrollable growth of fungi over the building walls. This study will figure out the effect of photocatalytic activity of 2-in-paint as antifungal and infrared-reflective which contributes solutions to the heat island phenomenon. The extracted TiO2<\/sub> and Cr2<\/sub>O3<\/sub> are mixed into the chosen commercial paint and applied onto surface material. Data are taken from the conducted experiment. Heat reflective paint is classified into bright and dark colors. Solar intensity for each color is measured using the data logger and the reading is compared with an infrared thermometer which will give a more accurate value.<\/p>\n

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REUSABLE MACROPHYTES AND ALGAE FROM PHYTOREMEDIATION OF POME IN ANIMAL FEEDSTOCK PRODUCTION<\/b><\/b><\/p>\n

Abstract\/Executive Summary<\/span><\/p>\n

This study is to propose a new approach of combining macroalgae and macrophytes to improve phytoremediation from wastewater POME and then convert it as feedstock application at low-cost implementation and ease method. Based on the literature review, there is no research carried out in a combination of macroalgae and macrophytes for treating wastewater and converting the product into animal feedstock. This new approach can help the researcher will attempt to use POME and convert the waste into a wealth product. This research benefits for wastewater treatment due to zero chemical usage in terms of using micro and macroalgae species as the primary and secondary treatment (phytoremediation).<\/p>\n

In this study, the application of macroalgae as mineral feed additives is proposed, aiming to increase the bioavailability of microelements from feed additives of biological origin, thereby increasing the microelement content in animal products (meat, eggs, milk) and moreover to improve the feed value and finally to increase the livestock productivity. The usage of macroalgae as feed additives is an inventive application of biotechnology in animal nutrition. The provision of animal feeds with enhanced nutritional quality improves the sustainability of animal production [8]. Out of all sources of microelements, the application of macroalgae as mineral feed additives could constitute an environmentally friendly and economically beneficial solution.<\/p>\n

A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FLY ASH, NATURAL ZEOLITE AND CRUSHED COCKLES SHELLS IN TREATING POLLUTED RIVER WATER<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract\/Executive Summary<\/span><\/p>\n

The deterioration of the river is due to the point source pollution which is come from the nearby industries and the existing activities along the river also have contributed to the deterioration of the river itself. Lunchoo River which located at Mukim Plentong, Johor Bahru is selected as the case study and therefore, this research aims to implement a remediation process to treat polluted river by restoring its natural habitat and emphasizing the use of natural resources and materials for rehabilitation of the polluted river water. Coal fly ash containing high amount of aluminosilicates and it resembles with zeolite content and due to this characteristic, it is suitable to be used as adsorbents (Maria et al.,2012) and the effectiveness of fly ash in adsorbing pollutant will be compared to natural zeolite which is widely known its ability as adsorbents. Differs with fly ash and natural zeolite, the application of crushed cockles shells will proves it abilities in removing pollutant by not only absorbing the pollutant but also acting as the natural precipitators. The high content of lime in the shells has made a great impact since Jong-Hyeon et al.(2005), has proved that the removal capacity of the waste shell was higher than that of commercial limestone and lime and their application are mainly focusing on the purification of water. Thus, it is expected that these adsorbents will help to pollutants in the river and the diversity of the river will be increased by implementing the low-cost treatment at the river.<\/p>\n

Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes<\/i>) BIOMASS BIO-BRIQUETTE as the new invention of low-cost altERNATive energy<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract\/Executive Summary<\/span><\/p>\n

Environmental sustainable energy sources, such as alternative fuel energy is important nowadays because of the depletion of non-renewable sources in the near future. Due to fast technological and industrial development including rapid urbanization, the demand for energy becomes higher and energy consumption has exceeded its development. Besides, the availability of agricultural waste for energy feedstock depends on the amount of crop production and always contradicted for food scarcity. One of the alternative green energy fuels recognized as commercial products is biomass briquette or bio-briquette. This briquette will be applied as biomass-coal co-combustion, presenting a near term, low risk, low-cost and sustainable renewable energy option that promises reduction of toxic gases during the burning processes. By biomass briquetting, the portion of biomass waste is fully utilized apart from being sent to landfill which will undergo decomposition process. One of the potential biomass energy resources for fuel and energy is believed from the water hyacinth, culture at any type of freshwater area. The rapid growth of water hyacinth absolutely can turn it into a valuable energy-based plant. Abundant and grossly underutilized sludge cake and empty fruit bunches (EFBs) from palm oil mills are the promising ingredients to be mixed with dried water hyacinth biomass. Since no other researcher utilizes their potential previously, the mixture is believed to increase the energy value (calorific value) required for the combustion process. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the potential of dried water hyacinth biomass in combination with waste from palm oil mill as the new alternative energy for being mixed with coal in a coal-based electrical power plants. The mixing of those co-briquettes gives great combustion properties and could alter the polluted gas and reduce the pricey charcoal material. Thus, a combination of water hyacinth and abundance of waste from palm oil mill can become an important renewable energy fuel source.<\/p>\n

IMPACTS OF THERMAL BEHAVIOR AND URBAN HEAT ISLAND (UHI) PHENOMENON TOWARDS HUMAN SAFETY AND HEALTH<\/b><\/p>\n

Abstract\/Executive Summary<\/span><\/p>\n

As the growth of cities propagating, the top-most challenges of the urban environment have elaborated on the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. This phenomenon is due to the lack of vegetation,\u00a0 high density of buildings and urban structures that absorb heat and then re-emit it back to surrounding environment. However, the main concern based on previous research is all about the intensity of UHI, but there is no effort for the human simulation thermal mannequin for evaluation of the thermal environment especially in the outdoor environment condition. In fact, the increase of thermal heat could cause human discomfort towards the surrounding participants which had reported a frequent increment year by year. These extreme hot environments would cause people at great risk of a variety of heat-related disorders, such as heat rash, heat cramps, heat syncope, heat exhaustion, and the most serious illness is heatstroke that could cause death for long term exposure. The study initiates by investigating the built environmental factors including surface materials, albedo effects, urban geometry and layout that contribute to higher heat impacts and compare it between urban and rural environment conditions using a thermal mannequin. So, human simulation thermal mannequin is as a tool\/devise to identify and indicate the impacts from the UHI phenomenon towards human health and safety which in turn can be used by individuals and groups who give responsibility in planning and managing township. Therefore, the aims of the study are to investigate the UHI intensity through the measurement of heat flow on a thermal mannequin which is then correlated with the actual human body and then the suggestion of discomfort ability Index that would be suitably applied in a tropical climate for evaluation of thermal comfort. With this effort, the human will get more concern about the occurrence of UHI to achieve the human thermal comfort condition, especially in a tropical climate.<\/p>\n

APPLICATION OF MULTI-STAGE ANAEROBIC REACTOR (MS-An) FOR PHARMACEUTICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND REUSE<\/b><\/p>\n

Abstract\/Executive Summary<\/span><\/p>\n

The concern on pharmaceutical wastewater has growing attention especially to the risk of adverse effects on humans and the environment. Effluents from the pharmaceutical industry, such as an antibiotic (tetracycline), usually contain recalcitrant compounds. Thus, a performance, microbiological study, and rational kinetic approach study were carried out to designing a biological degradation treatment process of an 11L Multi-Stage Anaerobic Reactor (M-SAR) treating pharmaceutical wastewater under different organic loading conditions. The reactor operational was predicted to operate around 300 days and was imposed with 38\u00baC temperature with different OLRs. Upon the experimental result, Multi-Stage Anaerobic Reactor is predicted to explain the performance of biodegradation removal, biogas formation, and characterization of microbial population. At the end of the result, Multi-Stage Anaerobic Reactor (MS-An) is expected to be able to treat the pharmaceutical wastewater and it is significant to reuse purpose. Recent advances are made possible by combining the Multi-Stage Anaerobic Reactor (MS-An) with post-treatment such with membrane filtration, assuring a great deal of overcoming the limitations associated with anaerobic treatment. This advanced treatment performance will certainly decrease the discharges of the pharmaceutical compound in wastewater and became a precious solution to accomplish fulfillment with law and legislation. Predictably, result in large financial costs can be achieved (retain biomass effectively, producing a solids-free effluent and prevent unintended sludge wasting) as well as environmentally adverse raises in energy consumption.<\/b><\/p>\n

AERATED CONCRETE FROM AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTE FOR THERMAL REDUCTION IN BUILDINGS<\/b><\/p>\n

Abstract\/Executive Summary<\/span><\/p>\n

The aerated concrete from agro-industrial waste is a new technology whereby it may enhance the development of cool concrete technology. Basically, aerated concrete will produce hydrogen-air bubbles which later may lead to higher porosity. With such invention, the unique idea of mixing the aerated concrete with POFA (Palm Oil Fuel Ash) and Bottom Ash (Coal Power Plant) totally replaced sand material (by using wastes ashes) might reduce the behavior of absorption of heat. In the previous study, clay brick stored numerous heat in particular material and release back late at night. This phenomenon will lead to urban heat island issues. Thus, this study investigates the behavior of agro-industrial aerated concrete properties based on the best surface temperature performance and optimum percentage of POFA replacement for cement. The reduction of heat happens as it provides the delayed of heat transfer which benefits climate control in areas with large outdoor temperature fluctuations that enter the house hence having a low thermal conductivity. Besides that, the study investigates the engineering properties of Agro-Industrial Aerated Concrete based on different water-cement ratios. From trial mixes, only the best and optimum mixing will further test for the thermal capacitance, conductivity, and convective heat transfer. The behaviors of temperature on site were annually monitored. It is expected that the Agro-Industrial waste has potential properties to develop best surface temperature performance at least 50% from the total materials use and this may reduce at least 50% from the total cost production since it only wastes which normally were dumped to the landfill. With such achievement, it will generate wealth from waste as required for green technology and can be implemented in construction materials.<\/p>\n

LIPID RECOVERY FROM POME AS BIOFUEL<\/b><\/p>\n

Abstract\/Executive Summary<\/span><\/p>\n

Algae species are recognized as photosynthetic organisms that occur in most habitats. Recently, several strains of microalgae have been studied as they contain high lipid content capable to be converted to many useful applications\u00a0\u00a0 (Biodiesel, pharmacy, CO2<\/sub>). Microalgae are eukaryotic cells reported as the potential resources to produce lipids. POME is a source of enormous organic and nutrient content, considered favorable for the growth of several types of microalgal species to produce lipid. The aim<\/b> of this study is to explore the potential of indigenous microalgae for lipid production present in the pond contaminated with Palm Oil Mill Effluent. A few studies have been concentrated on the microalgae potential for the production of greater worth products from POME. Moreover, one of the remarkable issues is the depletion of fossil fuel consumption and the lack of alternative reserves and also CO2<\/sub> emission problems produced in the environment. POME <\/i>is the most polluted organic residue generated from palm oil processing and composes of high nutrient content mainly oil and fatty acids. Fatty acids include the building blocks for triacylglycerols and all other cellular lipids. Therefore, microalgae utilize C, N, P from POME to produce oil and fatty acids. On the other hand, Malaysia has a great source of palm oil wastewater that is economically perfect for microalgae cultivation. Furthermore, microalgae are the primary producers of oxygen on the planet, generating 40-50% of the world\u2019s atmospheric oxygen. There are as many as 30,000 known species of microalgae and more are being discovered and categorized, however, only a few hundred are actively being investigated and very few produce industrially. Depending on species, microalgae produce many different kinds of lipids, hydrocarbons, and protein. The expected result of this study will be: 1<\/b>– The local species of microalgae were identified and the potential microalgae species in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) for high lipid production were selected. 2<\/b>-The laboratory-scale of open pond system for selected species of microalgae (screened from POME) by determining the optimized condition of parameters (nutrients, carbon source, light, and temperature) were prepared. 3<\/b>-The optimized condition using Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) for existing culture from a laboratory in the actual open pond system will be applied. Besides, this approach helps to obtain the optimized condition for microalgae cultivation in the existing pond of POME which can be used as a guideline for high lipid production.4<\/b>-The optimize the experimental condition of selected microalgae species cultured from lab-scale in a simulate open pond will carry out<\/p>\n

TREATMENT OF LANDFILL LEACHATE USING COMBINED ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSES AND POROUS MEMBRANE ACTIVATED SLUDGE REACTOR<\/b><\/p>\n

Abstract\/Executive Summary<\/span><\/p>\n

Generally, landfill leachate treatment is focused on the removal of organic matter and nitrogen as well as toxic substances during treatment. Biological treatment is a method for the removal of organics from landfill leachate. \u00a0Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) can offer an effective and environmentally friendly method for pre-treatment of landfill leachates. This research focuses on the treatment of landfill leachate using combined advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and activated sludge reactor. The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the efficiency of the combined treatment in treating landfill leachate. The effect of different AOPs such as H2<\/sub>O2<\/sub>, Fenton, Ozone and UV radiation and their combination on the COD removal will be compared in this study. The best treatment option for treatment will be selected. In addition, the aim of this research is to investigate the performance of combined advanced oxidation processes and porous membrane activated sludge reactors at various organic loading rates (OLRs).<\/p>\n

BIOFILM DEVELOPMENT FROM FIBRES TO TREAT AND RECOVER OIL AND GREASE, ORGANIC- NUTRIENTS, AND METAL IONS<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract\/Executive Summary<\/span><\/p>\n

With the development of technology and urbanization in many countries, the numbers of industrial, agricultural and domestic wastes are increasing dramatically. It was found that 42% of 1,063 studied rivers are categorized as either polluted or slightly polluted. Sungai Lunchoo and river Desa Bakti are the two examples of rivers facing polluted issues in Malaysia. Industrial discharges released heavy metal materials and also toxic chemical to Sungai Lunchoo. While, river Desa Bakti is facing in excess of nutrients due to the insufficient wastewater treatment plant. Initially, there are many advanced of treatment methods such as coagulation and flocculation, reverse osmosis, chemical precipitation, ion-exchange, nanofiltration, and flotation which are less efficiency, high cost, and high maintenance fees. For example, Vibratory Shear Enchanced Processing, river bank filtration and Effective Microorganisms. Some of the study had discovered that the waste materials (fly ash and zeolite) have the great potential for the pollutants adsorptions, especially for water and wastewater treatment. Therefore, this research aims to encourage effective and low cost methods to treat river via coconut fibre and palm oil fibre. At initial stage, the status river water quality within River Desa Bakti and Sungai Lunchoo will be verified. Then, a physical models as prototype scale test will be designed for implication of fibre. Next, the properties of the biofilm coconut fibre and palm oil fibre will be scrutinized related to BET surface, surface chemistry, and reactivity of functional groups. Furthermore, the potential study of coconut fibre and palm oil fibre to reduce the organic nutrients, oil and grease and metal ions will be identified. Lastly, an empirical model based on data monitoring from physical model will be developed. In conclusion, the effectiveness of the study provided the concept of cradle-to-cradle schemes where by using agriculture waste to achieve the sustainable and eco-friendly development. \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FLY ASH, NATURAL ZEOLITE AND CRUSHED COCKLES SHELLS IN TREATING POLLUTED RIVER WATER<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract\/Executive Summary<\/span><\/p>\n

The deterioration of the river is due to the the point source pollution which is come from the nearby industries and the existing activities along the river also has contributed to the deterioration of the river itself. Lunchoo River which located at Mukim Plentong, Johor Bahru is selected as the case study and therefore, this research aims to implement a remediation process to treat polluted river by restore its natural habitat and emphasizing the use of natural resources and materials for rehabilitation of the polluted river water. Coal fly ash containing high amount of aluminosilicates and it is resembles with zeolite content and due to this characteristic, it is suitable to be used as adsorbents (Maria et al.,2012) and the effectiveness of fly ash in adsorbing pollutant will be compared to natural zeolite which is widely known its ability as adsorbents. Differs with fly ash and natural zeolite, the application of crushed cockles shells will proves it abilities in removing pollutant by not only adsorbing the pollutant but also acting as the natural precipitators. The high content of lime in the shells has made a great impact since Jong-Hyeon et al.(2005), has proved that removal capacity of waste shell was higher than that of commercial limestone and lime and their application are mainly focusing on the purification of water . Thus, it is expected that these adsorbents will helps to pollutant in the river and the diversity of the river will be increased by implementing the low cost treatment at the river.<\/p>\n

EXTRACTION OF HEAVY METALS USING SEAWEED, AND BIOGAS SYNTHESIS FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW) LANDFILL LEACHATE BY USING ANAEROBIC REACTOR<\/b><\/p>\n

Abstract\/Executive Summary<\/span><\/p>\n

MSW landfill leachate is a serious environmental issue and being treated using various methods, mostly involving chemical treatment and combination of biological and chemical treatment. The issue in using biological treatment is the presence of heavy metals which would inhibit the action anaerobic bacteria. In this suggested study a complete biological method will be implied to treat it. The heavy metal in the MSW landfill leachate will be absorbed by using extract of Gracillaria sp<\/i>. seaweed . It is their basic biochemical constitution that is responsible for this enhanced performance among biomaterials. Properties of cell wall constituents, such as alginate and fucoidan, are responsible for heavy metal absorption. After the extraction the pre-treated leachate will be subjected to anaerobic treatment by using anaerobic reactor which has 19L of effective volume (Figure1). The multi-stage anaerobic reactor consists of transparent identical cylindrical plexiglass compartment, and 160 mm internal diameter by 1100 mm height with head plate . Effluent from the reactor will flow by gravity to the effluent tank. In the reactor there is a temperature controller to maintain at 37\u00b0C. Peristaltic pumps will be used to control the influent feed rate to the first\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 stage of the reactor system. Gas production will be monitored separately for each reactor using Opto-bubble counter. (Figure 2) Expected that seaweed treatment will remove the heavy metals; Cd 0.2-3.6 \u03bc<\/i>g\/L, Ni 28-84 \u03bc<\/i>g\/L, Zn 85-5310 \u03bc<\/i>g\/L, Cu 2-34 \u03bc<\/i>g\/L and Pb 0-16 \u03bc<\/i>g\/L. From the waste water treatment it is expected that 60 % of biogas will be produced.<\/p>\n

TREATMENT OF LANDFILL LEACHATE USING COMBINED ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSES AND POROUS MEMBRANE ACTIVATED SLUDGE REACTOR<\/b><\/p>\n

Abstract\/Executive Summary<\/span><\/p>\n

Generally, landfill leachate treatment is focused on the removal of organic matter and nitrogen as well as toxic substances during treatment. Biological treatment is a method for the removal organics from landfill leachate. \u00a0Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) can offer an effective and environmental friendly method for pre-treatment of landfill leachates. This research focuses on the treatment of landfill leachate using combined advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and activated sludge reactor. The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the efficiency of the combined treatment in treating landfill leachate. The effect of different AOPs such H2<\/sub>O2<\/sub>, Fenton, Ozone and UV radiation and their combination on the COD removal will be compared in this study. The best treatment option of treatment will be selected. In addition, the aim of this research is to investigate the performance of combined advanced oxidation processes and porous membrane activated sludge reactor at various organic loading rates (OLRs).<\/p>\n

Development of Practical Mosquito Trap to Control Mosquito-Borne Diseases<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract\/Executive Summary<\/span><\/p>\n

The World Health Organization (WHO) cited that over 45 percent of the world population lives in the risky area afflicted with mosquito-borne diseases. Pathogens like Dengue, Malaria, West Nile, Chikungunya has eventually emerged as world’s alternative killer besides the major diseases like heart diseases, tuberculosis, and many more. Many prevention act and methods has been put in force to mitigate the situation but the satisfactory outcome still has yet to be achieved. In Malaysia, commonly used methods to fight this epidemic are like demolishing known mosquito breeding area, setting up mosquito net, mosquito coil, fogging, aerosol spray, and etc. Sadly, from many efforts and billions of dollars invested, the epidemic continues frightening us all. Scientist all over the world has pulling their huge effort to find vaccination to halt this issue, however, due to the ability of some pathogens to mutilate makes it impossible at this moment. Besides, off the commercialized mosquito trap and repellent available has a major effect on environmental ecosystem and human health let alone the operating cost. Hence, the best way to fight against this virus is by highly understanding the characteristic of its transmission mediator, the mosquito. Mosquito is known to be more attracted to dark and dim area. Practically, one who wear black outfit is more likely to get bitten by mosquito compared to one wearing brightly colored outfit. Thus, black is the main feature of this mosquito trap innovation. By having black grid as attractant, mosquitoes approaching the trap will be electrocuted by a high voltage from power supply through the grid. A test to this innovation has been put to place and the result gathered is very significant. Neither using expensive CO2 emission as attractant nor DEET as repellent, huge amount of mosquitoes has been captured by this innovation sparing many other insects. With simple application plus on hand materials, it saves all being in this world.<\/p>\n

Development of Efficient Fly Exterminator<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract\/Executive Summary<\/span><\/p>\n

Flies issue has always been related to level of hygiene. In the city, flies become a major problem due to unsystematic waste management, improperly food handlings, poor draining systems, and et cetera. On the other hands, in other areas especially those with running of livestock farming, flies become calamities not only due to sanitary handling, but also by the existing of blood sucking flies known as stable flies. Stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans<\/i>) also known as dog flies is often a pest of livestock around animal enclosures, stables and feedlots. Stable flies primarily attack animals like horses and cattle for blood meal, but in the absence of an animal host, they will also bite human. When it bites, it caused injury by irritation from its painful bites and blood loss while a few people show allergic reactions. Some reasons to its existence in stable and other animal enclosure is due to suitable breeding area like crops residue, hay and grain, and animal manures. In recent research done by Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia<\/a>, 50 to 100 stable fly per animal can cause significant reduction in weight gains in feedlot situations. A weight gain depression of 250g\/day happens in beef cattle and milk production decreases of 30 to 40 per cent. Worse, stable fly have also been implicated in the transmission of several pathogenic organisms, however is not considered as major vector of any cattle disease. Despite of maintaining the cleanliness of the stable and enclosure, preventive measures normally taken by farming operator are by implying the usage of chemical like pesticides as well as trap erection. However, the results of these act has yet make any big improvement. Recently, Kementerian Wilayah Persekutuan dan Kesejahteraan Bandar through Tabung Penyelengaraan 1Malaysia (TP1M) has allocated RM2 million to exterminate flies in Johor state. This indicates the severity of this issue afflicting the nation is something to look up to. Logically, even though completely eliminating flies especially stable flies out of the nation may be something to desire, however controlling its activities and population shall be taken seriously now. Therefore, a thorough study on how to overcome the matter in most efficient way is very important. In this research, focus on trapping the flies will be more on using color as attractant. However, expectation on other criteria of methodology during research will perhaps contribute to the development of the fly trap.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

ZERO WASTE POLICY FOR SUSTAINABLE SERVICES AND GREEN CAMPUS COMMUNITY Abstract\/Executive Summary The amount of solid wastes generated on University campuses has seen an increasing trend, and options to capitalize on different types of wastes as an asset that can both generate income and introduce savings in expenditure needs looking at. A shift from treating […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":124,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1055","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/mfadhil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1055","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/mfadhil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/mfadhil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/mfadhil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/124"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/mfadhil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1055"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/mfadhil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1055\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2264,"href":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/mfadhil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1055\/revisions\/2264"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/mfadhil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1055"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}