DEVELOPMENT OF NEW SUSTAINABLE ACYL ACCEPTOR FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM PFAD<\/p>\n
Executive Summary of Research Proposal (PY\/2014\/02061) DEVELOPMENT OF NEW SUSTAINABLE ACYL ACCEPTOR FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM PFAD Executive Summary of Research Proposal (PY\/2014\/02061) Biodiesel is a clean burning fuel produced from renewable domestic sources such as vegetable oils and animal grease. It is biodegradable, non-inflammable, non-toxic and has a favorable combustion\u2013emission profile, producing much less carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and unburned […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13494,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[145,143,146,144],"class_list":["post-559","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-research","tag-proposal","tag-research-grant","tag-research-proposal","tag-research-university-grant-scheme","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/zakiyamani\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/559","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/zakiyamani\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/zakiyamani\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/zakiyamani\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13494"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/zakiyamani\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=559"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/zakiyamani\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/559\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/zakiyamani\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=559"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/zakiyamani\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=559"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/people.utm.my\/zakiyamani\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=559"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
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\nBiodiesel is a clean burning fuel produced from renewable domestic sources such as vegetable oils and animal grease. It is biodegradable, non-inflammable,
\nnon-toxic and has a favorable combustion\u2013emission profile, producing much less carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and unburned hydrocarbons than
\npetroleum-based diesel. The production of first generation biodiesel has grown tremendously over the past decade. InMalaysia\u2019s context, the government has
\nencouraged the production of biodiesel by providing numerous incentives. In 2006, 60 biodiesel manufacturing licenses were approved. Unfortunately, almost all
\nbiodiesel plants utilizing vegetable oil as feedstock were later forced to shut down their operation due to the sudden increasing price of vegetable oil. As a result,
\nsubstantial number of biodiesel plants were left idle, some even sold as scrap metal. Such scenario could be overcome by utilizing a cheaper and sustainable
\nfeedstock. Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) could be the answer to a commercially viable biodiesel production. Hence, production of fatty acid ester (FAE) from
\nPFAD containing high free fatty acids (FFA) was investigated in this work. Batch esterifications of PFAD were carried out to study the influence of reaction
\ntemperatures of 70\u2013100 \u00b0C, molar ratios of sustainable acyl acceptors to PFAD of 0.4:1\u201312:1, quantity of catalysts of 0\u20135.50% (wt of catalyst\/wt of PFAD) and
\nreaction times of 15\u2013240 min. Optimum conditions, reaction kinetics and mass transfer activities will be investigated. It is expected that the amount of FFA to
\nreduced from more than 90% to below 5% at the end of the esterification process. FAE will be further purified with alkaline medium and the final biodiesel product
\nwill be tested in accordance to quality standard ASTM D6751-02.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"