(B)

Theory:

Social Constructivism:

• knowledge is actively constructed
• learning is about:
  1. a search for meaning by the learner
  2. contextualized
  3. an inherently social activity
  4. dialogic and recursive
  5. the responsibility of the learner

Model:

Social family:

• working together within a social context
• cooperative relationship
• sharpen cognition through interaction
• learn how to work as member of a team

Method:

• Building learning communities,
• Developing cooperative and collaborative relationships:

1. partners in learning (pair-shared)
2. group investigation model
3. roleplaying
4. jurisprudential inquiry learning

(A)

Theory:

Cognitivism (process information through attention, memory, thinking, and other cognitive process).

Teaching Model:

Information-processing family

• acquiring and organizing information,
• identifying problems,
• formulating hypotheses,
• learning concepts,
• generating solutions,
• fostering creativity.

Method/ Approach:

• Help students learn how to construct knowledge:

(a) inductive thinking model

(b) concept attainment model

(c) the picture-word inductive model

(d) inquiry training model

(e) memory model

(f) the synectics model

(g) advance organiser

Teacher-centered learning (TCL) or Student-centered learning (SCL)?

• acquiring and process information:

(a) inquiry-oriented project

(b) opportunities for the testing of hypotheses

(c) curiosity encouraged

(d) staged scaffolding