There is 3 domains of learning outcomes based on Bloom Taxanomy (1956):

1. Cognitive (thinking, knowledge)

2. Psychomotor (doing, skills)

3. Affective (feeling, attitude)

* Adapted from BC4DCP course by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Naziha

Cognitive Skills based on Anderson Taxanomy:

1. Higher order thinking levels: create, evaluate, analyse

2. Middle order thinking levels: apply, understand

3. Lower order thinking levels: remember

Teacher-centered learning (TCL):

• Deductive
• Direct instruction

Student-centered learning (SCL):

• Inductive
• Indirect instruction

Teaching methods:

1) Exposition: lecture, worked-showing/ telling, interactive lecture, flipped classroom, and socratic questioning

2) Inquisition: discussion-based, scenario-based, and case-based

3) Generation: collaborative-based, inquiry-based, problem-based, and project-based

There is 6 tips for an effective instruction method in teaching and learning process. For instance:

1. Learning environment

2. Engaged students

3. Clear and shared outcomes

4. Varied content, materials and methods of instruction

5. Feedback and practice

6. Complex thinking and transfer of knowledge

(B)

Theory:

Social Constructivism:

• knowledge is actively constructed
• learning is about:
  1. a search for meaning by the learner
  2. contextualized
  3. an inherently social activity
  4. dialogic and recursive
  5. the responsibility of the learner

Model:

Social family:

• working together within a social context
• cooperative relationship
• sharpen cognition through interaction
• learn how to work as member of a team

Method:

• Building learning communities,
• Developing cooperative and collaborative relationships:

1. partners in learning (pair-shared)
2. group investigation model
3. roleplaying
4. jurisprudential inquiry learning

(A)

Theory:

Cognitivism (process information through attention, memory, thinking, and other cognitive process).

Teaching Model:

Information-processing family

• acquiring and organizing information,
• identifying problems,
• formulating hypotheses,
• learning concepts,
• generating solutions,
• fostering creativity.

Method/ Approach:

• Help students learn how to construct knowledge:

(a) inductive thinking model

(b) concept attainment model

(c) the picture-word inductive model

(d) inquiry training model

(e) memory model

(f) the synectics model

(g) advance organiser

Teacher-centered learning (TCL) or Student-centered learning (SCL)?

• acquiring and process information:

(a) inquiry-oriented project

(b) opportunities for the testing of hypotheses

(c) curiosity encouraged

(d) staged scaffolding