IMPACTS OF THERMAL BEHAVIOR AND URBAN HEAT ISLAND (UHI) PHENOMENON TOWARDS HUMAN SAFETY AND HEALTH
Abstract/Executive Summary
As the growth of cities propagating, the top-most challenges of the urban environment have elaborated on the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. This phenomenon is due to the lack of vegetation, high density of buildings and urban structures that absorb heat and then re-emit it back to surrounding environment. However, the main concern based on previous research is all about the intensity of UHI, but there is no effort for the human simulation thermal mannequin for evaluation of the thermal environment especially in the outdoor environment condition. In fact, the increase of thermal heat could cause human discomfort towards the surrounding participants which had reported a frequent increment year by year. These extreme hot environments would cause people at great risk of a variety of heat-related disorders, such as heat rash, heat cramps, heat syncope, heat exhaustion, and the most serious illness is heatstroke that could cause death for long term exposure. The study initiates by investigating the built environmental factors including surface materials, albedo effects, urban geometry and layout that contribute to higher heat impacts and compare it between urban and rural environment conditions using a thermal mannequin. So, human simulation thermal mannequin is as a tool/devise to identify and indicate the impacts from the UHI phenomenon towards human health and safety which in turn can be used by individuals and groups who give responsibility in planning and managing township. Therefore, the aims of the study are to investigate the UHI intensity through the measurement of heat flow on a thermal mannequin which is then correlated with the actual human body and then the suggestion of discomfort ability Index that would be suitably applied in a tropical climate for evaluation of thermal comfort. With this effort, the human will get more concern about the occurrence of UHI to achieve the human thermal comfort condition, especially in a tropical climate.
APPLICATION OF MULTI-STAGE ANAEROBIC REACTOR (MS-An) FOR PHARMACEUTICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND REUSE
Abstract/Executive Summary
The concern on pharmaceutical wastewater has growing attention especially to the risk of adverse effects on humans and the environment. Effluents from the pharmaceutical industry, such as an antibiotic (tetracycline), usually contain recalcitrant compounds. Thus, a performance, microbiological study, and rational kinetic approach study were carried out to designing a biological degradation treatment process of an 11L Multi-Stage Anaerobic Reactor (M-SAR) treating pharmaceutical wastewater under different organic loading conditions. The reactor operational was predicted to operate around 300 days and was imposed with 38ºC temperature with different OLRs. Upon the experimental result, Multi-Stage Anaerobic Reactor is predicted to explain the performance of biodegradation removal, biogas formation, and characterization of microbial population. At the end of the result, Multi-Stage Anaerobic Reactor (MS-An) is expected to be able to treat the pharmaceutical wastewater and it is significant to reuse purpose. Recent advances are made possible by combining the Multi-Stage Anaerobic Reactor (MS-An) with post-treatment such with membrane filtration, assuring a great deal of overcoming the limitations associated with anaerobic treatment. This advanced treatment performance will certainly decrease the discharges of the pharmaceutical compound in wastewater and became a precious solution to accomplish fulfillment with law and legislation. Predictably, result in large financial costs can be achieved (retain biomass effectively, producing a solids-free effluent and prevent unintended sludge wasting) as well as environmentally adverse raises in energy consumption.
