For a simple and cheap circuit driver to obtain a simple ac output voltage, one can use IC SG355. However this chip is only capable to generate square wave output.
Monthly Archives: February 2021
Micro-Inverter WVC1200
Micro-inverter is usually an inverter circuit that requires grid connection to operate. The target of using this micro-inverter is not on to 100 powering the load. It is most likely to reduce the energy bill by injecting active power generated from the solar to the grid directly using 13A socket plug
LPPT 2021
baru je Bulan 2 2021, tapi dah mikir pasal LPPT 2021 punya markah? hahaha
KPI UTM bagi saya adalah tinggi dan banyak kekangan dari segi menarik pelajar yang bagus untuk buat penyelidikan. Banyak pelajar yang bagus akan memlih universiti di sekitar Kuala Lumpur.
Tapi, apakan daya..untuk maju dan bangkit, kita kena senantiasa mempunyai fikiran yang positif! Anggap semua ini untuk kemajuan diri sendiri.
Saya masih mencongak sama ada untuk kekal dalam track teaching atau bertukar ke track research. Ada pro dan cons untuk kedua dua track ini. Saya lebih berat kepada teaching kerana research saya yang masih saya anggap belum sustainable.
Bayangkan bagaimana kita mampu menulis dan menerbitkan penulisan jurnal Q1 dan Q2 yang banyak dalam setahun? Pasti seorang tak mampu bukan? OK untuk ini, itulah guna networking di kalangan penyelidik. So untuk dapatkan network yang baik, di mana ramai penyelidik mahu bersama sama menerbitkan penulisan, kita mest built-up the reputation dahulu which is akan memakan masa.
Alhamdulillah untuk tahun 2021, ni saya telah ada satu paper Q1, 3 paper Q3 dan insyaAllah satu lagi paper Q1 yang dalam 2nd revision untuk penerbitan dalam IET Power Electronics.
Bagaimana saya boleh terbitkan banyak penulisan Q1 dan Q2 walhal baru bulan feb 2021? Ya..jawapan nya adalah networking!
Micro-Inverter
What’s good about AC Panels and micro inverters?
There are a number of complexities caused by the traditional way of connecting solar panels together (in a series string) which Micro Inverters can help overcome including:
High Voltage DC
High Voltage DC produced by a series string solar power system can create a risk of very high temperature arcing and potentially fire. Because micro inverters convert to 240V AC, the potential for this to occur is greatly minimised.
Switchgear
High voltage DC requires relatively expensive protective switches and fuses. By using AC, switchgear is more commonly available and thus cheaper.
Shading
To make this all a little more entertaining, I’ve put together a video discussing shading and solar panels. If you don’t particularly feel like watching, feel free to skip it and just read the summary below.
PWM for CCSMLI
Simple PWM switching for Packed- U Cell 5 with Self Balancing Capacitor
This topology can produce 5-level using a single dc source and 6 unidirectional switches. The voltage of capacitor usually half of the Vdc value. The topology can be extended to 7 levels by simply insert a capacitor and 2 more switches. However, the sensorless capacitor voltage approach is quite impossible since there is no way in the topology switching that can be utilized to make sure that the capacitor voltage is always at V/3
Boost Power factor Correction
During the conversion of AC to regulated DC output power, often the supply current will deteriorate. The harmonics contents are high and will not meet the standard. The power factor affected and the value will be very low. Low power factor draws more current from the main supply. We want to avoid that since the bills will be at a high amount. Something needs to be done to improve the power factor.
Active power factor correction using Boost dc-dc converter is the ultimate choice. The design is simple and the control is easy to understand. I have reached a website that clearly shows how this circuit works.
http://www.powerfactor.us/active.html
Active power factor correction (PFC) refers to the method of increasing power factor (PF) by using active electronic circuits with feedback that control the shape of the drawn current. There are many commercial PFC controllers that can accomplish this task. Let us first quickly review why we need to do it anyway. In conventional non-PFC AC-DC power supplies a large filter capacitor “Co” is placed directly after bridge rectifier (see the diagram below).
With that, in linear PSU the rectifier is connected via a low-frequency transformer, while in off-line switch-mode PSU it is fed from the AC input. In both cases, once “Co” is charged to nearly peak of rectified voltage, most of the time the diodes will be reversed biased and will not conduct. Therefore, such a PSU will draw power from the line in short pulses only when the instantaneous input voltage exceeds the voltage across the capacitor. This produces harmonics whose level can exceed an applicable standard (such as EN61000-3-2) and adversely affect other users.
In order to consume continuous sine-like current over the entire AC cycle, we can place an inductance before “Co”. In passive PFC the inductor is large and uncontrolled. It typically corrects the PF to 0.7-0.85.
In practice, a passive method is used only in small PSU (usually below 100W), when high PF is not required and regulation of DC-link is not neccesary.
In most other application an active method is used. This is a conceptual schematic of active PFC boost converter. The inductor “L” here is controlled by a solid state switch (denoted “Q”). This switch is driven ON and OFF by the control circuit at a frequency “F” much higher than the mains frequency. Let’s review how this circuit operates. During on-time “ton” the current in the inductor increases by ΔI+=Vin×ton/L. When the switch opens, the voltage across “L” reverses and it is releasing all or portion of accumulated energy via the diode “D”. During the off-time “toff” inductor current decreases by ΔI–=(Vo-Vin)×toff/L. The net change during one period “T” is ΔI=ΔI+-ΔI–=(Vin-Vo+D×Vo)/LF, where D=ton/T- duty cycle, F=1/T. We can see that by varying duty cycle “D” we can vary ΔI. If we do it properly, we can synthesize a desired I(t) shape.
Here is a simplified block diagram of PFC control. Of course, commercially available PFC controllers contain many more functional blocks, but our example is sufficient to illustrate the basics of the operation. You can see an example of a complete PFC schematichere. The depicted circuit contains two error amplifiers- a slow one for voltage (Vea) and a fast one for current (Iea). A replica of rectified input waveform “Vin” is fed into the multiplier, which produces the programming signal Iref for Iea. The latter monitors the current via a sense resistor Rs and compares it to Iref. By varying control signal to pulse-width modulator (PWM), Iea forces average value of current to follow the shape of the mains voltage. The Vea monitors Vo via a divider and compares it to reference Vref. The error signal from Vea scales multiplier output up or down without changing its sine wave pattern. As the result, this circuit can perform two tasks simultaneously: it creates sine-like current and regulates the bus voltage Vo. The described method allows the designers to achieve PF as high as 0.99. Note that the described power factor correction technique addresses only line-frequency harmonics. You still need an EMI filter to reduce high-frequency components generated by switching mode operation of the power converters. This filter however may cause some negative effects. Particularly, its differential-mode inductors and across-the-line capacitors can introduce certain displacement angle between “Vin” and “I”, which is not corrected by the downstream PFC circuit. This effect may be unimportant if you have to comply only with EN61000-3-2, but could be an issue if in your application you also need to meet certain minimum PF limit.