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Leveraging GIS Software for Efficient Infrastructure Management in Rapidly Urbanizing Cities

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Introduction

Rapid urbanization presents significant challenges for cities worldwide, requiring effective infrastructure management and urban planning strategies. The evolution of Geographic Information System (GIS) software has emerged as a powerful tool to address these challenges by providing comprehensive spatial data analysis, visualization, and decision-making capabilities. This article explores how GIS software can contribute to managing urbanization effectively, analyzes its advantages and limitations for urban planning and infrastructure management, and recommends specific GIS software systems and extensions suitable for addressing the urbanization challenge.

The Evolution of GIS Software in Addressing Urbanization Challenges

GIS software has undergone significant advancements to meet the demands of rapidly urbanizing cities. These advancements include:

Comprehensive Data Integration: Modern GIS software seamlessly integrates various data sources such as satellite imagery, aerial photographs, survey data, and administrative records. By amalgamating these disparate datasets, urban planners and policymakers gain a holistic understanding of the city’s current infrastructure, land use, transportation networks, and environmental factors.

Spatial Analysis and Visualization: GIS software enables advanced spatial analysis and modeling techniques, allowing urban planners to evaluate the impacts of urbanization on infrastructure networks, land use patterns, and environmental factors. Through geospatial visualization, stakeholders can gain insights into spatial relationships, identify patterns, and make informed decisions for efficient infrastructure management.

Decision Support Systems: GIS software provides decision support systems that integrate spatial analysis and modeling with real-time data. By combining historical data, predictive modeling, and scenario analysis, decision-makers can assess the potential consequences of urbanization on infrastructure, plan for future growth, optimize resource allocation, and prioritize investment strategies.

Citizen Engagement: GIS software facilitates public participation and citizen engagement in urban planning and infrastructure management. Interactive maps and web-based applications empower residents to provide feedback, report issues, and collaborate with city authorities, fostering a sense of ownership and inclusivity in the decision-making process.

Advantages and Limitations of GIS Software for Urban Planning and Infrastructure Management

Advantages:

Data-Driven Decision Making: GIS software enables evidence-based decision-making by providing access to accurate, up-to-date, and spatially-referenced data. This allows urban planners to evaluate various scenarios, assess trade-offs, and make informed choices for infrastructure development, land use planning, and transportation management.

Visualization and Communication: GIS software offers powerful visualization tools that facilitate effective communication of complex spatial information. By creating interactive maps, 3D models, and visual simulations, stakeholders can better understand proposed changes, leading to improved collaboration and consensus-building among different departments, government agencies, and community members.

Efficiency and Cost Savings: GIS software streamlines the planning and management processes, resulting in increased efficiency and cost savings. It allows for optimized infrastructure design, reduces redundancy, minimizes construction delays, and enhances maintenance operations by enabling predictive and preventive measures.

Resilience and Risk Management: GIS software aids in assessing and mitigating risks associated with urbanization, such as natural disasters, climate change impacts, and infrastructure vulnerabilities. By integrating geospatial data with hazard analysis models, urban planners can identify high-risk areas, develop evacuation plans, and implement measures to enhance resilience and disaster preparedness.

Limitations:

Data Quality and Accessibility: GIS software relies on the availability and quality of spatial data. Obtaining accurate and up-to-date data can be challenging in rapidly urbanizing cities due to limited resources, data gaps, and administrative barriers. Ensuring data accessibility and standardization remains a significant challenge for effective GIS implementation.

Technical Expertise and Training: Utilizing GIS software requires technical expertise and training. The complexity of GIS tools and techniques may pose a barrier to entry for urban planners, policymakers, and other stakeholders. Investing in training programs and capacity-building initiatives becomes essential to ensure effective utilization and maximize the benefits of GIS software for urban planning and infrastructure management.

Integration with Legacy Systems: In cities with existing infrastructure and legacy systems, integrating GIS software can be a challenge. Compatibility issues, data migration, and interoperability barriers may arise, requiring careful planning and coordination to ensure seamless integration and data sharing among different departments and systems.

Privacy and Security Concerns: As GIS software relies on collecting and analyzing vast amounts of spatial data, privacy and security concerns arise. Safeguarding sensitive information, ensuring data anonymization, and protecting against unauthorized access or data breaches become crucial considerations in implementing GIS solutions.

Recommended GIS Software Systems and Extensions for Addressing Urbanization Challenges

  1. Esri ArcGIS: Esri ArcGIS is a comprehensive and widely used GIS software suite known for its robust capabilities in spatial analysis, data visualization, and decision support systems. Its suite of extensions, such as ArcGIS Urban, allows urban planners to analyze land use, evaluate development scenarios, and visualize future growth patterns. With its web-based applications, ArcGIS enables citizen engagement, collaboration, and real-time data integration, making it suitable for managing infrastructure in rapidly urbanizing cities.
  2. QGIS: QGIS is an open-source GIS software that offers a wide range of functionalities and a user-friendly interface. It provides a cost-effective alternative and is highly customizable to suit specific urban planning and infrastructure management needs. QGIS allows for data integration, spatial analysis, and visualization, and its plugins enhance its capabilities further. With its active user community, QGIS offers continuous updates and support, making it a suitable option for resource-constrained cities.
  3. Autodesk InfraWorks: Autodesk InfraWorks is a powerful GIS software tailored specifically for infrastructure planning and design. It enables urban planners to create 3D models, simulate transportation networks, assess the impact of urbanization on infrastructure, and optimize design alternatives. Its integration with other Autodesk products, such as AutoCAD and Revit, allows for seamless data exchange and collaboration among various disciplines involved in infrastructure development.
  4. CityEngine: CityEngine, developed by Esri, focuses on urban planning and 3D modeling. It enables the creation of detailed 3D representations of cities, facilitating visualization, simulation, and analysis of urban form and land use. With its procedural modeling capabilities, CityEngine allows urban planners to generate realistic scenarios and assess their impact on infrastructure, transportation, and environmental factors. It is particularly useful for visualizing future urban growth and conducting urban design simulations.

Conclusion

GIS software has evolved into a critical tool for efficiently managing infrastructure and urban planning in rapidly urbanizing cities. It offers comprehensive data integration, advanced spatial analysis, decision support systems, and citizen engagement capabilities. While GIS software provides numerous advantages for urban planning and infrastructure management, it also has limitations such as data quality issues, technical expertise requirements, integration challenges, and privacy concerns. By carefully selecting appropriate GIS software systems and extensions, such as Esri ArcGIS, QGIS, Autodesk InfraWorks, and CityEngine, cities can harness the power of spatial data analysis and visualization to effectively address the challenges of urbanization, optimize infrastructure development, and promote sustainable growth. Implementing GIS solutions requires careful consideration of data quality, technical training, integration requirements, and privacy protection to ensure successful implementation and maximize the benefits for urban development.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Leveraging GIS Software for Efficient Infrastructure Management in Rapidly Urbanizing Cities. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6398 (Accessed: 2 June 2023).
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Understanding and Applying Key Examination Keywords in GIS Programme

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Here is a detailed explanation of each typical keyword and the expectations of the examiner for students’ answers:

  1. Describe: This keyword requires students to provide a detailed account or explanation of a topic or concept. The examiner expects students to provide a comprehensive and accurate description, focusing on relevant details and characteristics. Example question: “Describe the main components of a geographic information system (GIS) and their functions.”
  2. Explain: This keyword requires students to clarify or provide a clear understanding of a topic or concept. The examiner expects students to go beyond mere description and provide reasons, causes, or mechanisms behind the topic. Example question: “Explain the process of georeferencing in GIS and its importance in spatial data analysis.”
  3. Compare and contrast: This keyword requires students to identify similarities and differences between two or more items or concepts. The examiner expects students to analyze and highlight both shared features and distinguishing factors. Example question: “Compare and contrast raster and vector data models in GIS, discussing their advantages and limitations.”
  4. Discuss: This keyword requires students to present a balanced examination of different viewpoints or perspectives on a topic. The examiner expects students to analyze multiple aspects, present informed opinions, and support their arguments with evidence or examples. Example question: “Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using remote sensing data in GIS applications for environmental monitoring.”
  5. Analyse: This keyword requires students to break down a topic or concept into its constituent parts and examine their relationships or interactions. The examiner expects students to provide insights, interpretations, or conclusions based on their analysis. Example question: “Analyse the impact of spatial analysis techniques in identifying suitable locations for renewable energy infrastructure.”
  6. Evaluate: This keyword requires students to assess the value, significance, or effectiveness of a topic or argument. The examiner expects students to provide a well-reasoned judgment based on criteria and evidence, considering both strengths and weaknesses. Example question: “Evaluate the role of GIS in urban planning, considering its contributions to sustainable development and potential challenges.”
  7. Critically: This keyword requires students to evaluate or assess a topic or argument by considering its strengths, weaknesses, implications, or significance. The examiner expects students to provide a thorough and balanced assessment supported by critical thinking. Example question: “Critically analyse the ethical considerations and privacy implications of using location-based services in GIS applications.”
  8. Design: This keyword requires students to create or propose a solution or plan to address a specific problem or meet specific requirements. The examiner expects students to develop a coherent and well-justified design, considering relevant factors and constraints. Example question: “Design a GIS-based workflow for disaster response and emergency management, considering data acquisition, analysis, and visualization requirements.”

By familiarizing themselves with these keywords and their associated expectations, students can effectively demonstrate their knowledge, critical thinking skills, and problem-solving abilities in GIS-related examinations. The article also highlights the importance of considering the specific context and complexity of the topics being addressed.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Understanding and Applying Key Examination Keywords in GIS Programme. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6396 (Accessed: 2 June 2023).
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Proprietary GIS Software in the Age of Openness

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and geospatial software have become increasingly popular in recent years, with many businesses and organizations relying on them for critical decision-making processes. While proprietary software has long been the dominant force in this industry, the rise of free and open-source software (FOSS) has caused many developers to re-think their strategies and make changes to stay competitive.

The Challenges of FOSS

FOSS has several key advantages over proprietary software, including cost-effectiveness, flexibility, and the ability to modify the software to fit specific needs. These advantages have led to a growing community of FOSS users, and many developers have begun to explore FOSS as a viable alternative to proprietary software.

However, there are also several challenges associated with FOSS that developers must address in order to remain competitive. These challenges include:

  • Lack of support: FOSS is typically developed and maintained by a community of volunteers, which can make it difficult for businesses and organizations to get the support they need to effectively use the software.
  • Limited features: FOSS may not have all the features and capabilities of proprietary software, which can limit its usefulness in certain contexts.
  • Compatibility issues: FOSS may not be compatible with other software tools and systems, making it difficult to integrate into existing workflows and processes.
  • Training requirements: FOSS may require specialized training and expertise to use effectively, which can be a barrier for many businesses and organizations.

Addressing the Challenges of FOSS

In order to address these challenges and remain competitive, many GIS and geospatial software developers have taken a variety of actions. Some of the most common strategies include:

  • Embracing FOSS: Rather than seeing FOSS as a threat, some developers have embraced it and started incorporating FOSS technologies into their own products. This can help to address issues of compatibility and functionality, while also leveraging the benefits of FOSS.
  • Providing support: In order to address concerns about support, many developers have begun offering support services for their proprietary software products. This can help to ensure that businesses and organizations have the help they need to effectively use the software.
  • Investing in development: In order to stay competitive, many developers have increased their investment in software development. This can help to ensure that their products continue to offer the latest features and capabilities, while also addressing issues of compatibility and integration.
  • Focusing on niche markets: Rather than trying to compete with FOSS in all areas, some developers have focused on specific niches where their proprietary software can offer unique value. This can help to differentiate their products and ensure that they remain competitive in those specific areas.

Examples of Developers Tackling FOSS Challenges

Several GIS and geospatial software developers have already taken steps to address the challenges of FOSS and remain competitive in the industry. Here are a few examples:

  • Esri: Esri, one of the largest GIS software developers in the world, has taken a multi-faceted approach to addressing the challenges of FOSS. This has included investing in FOSS technologies like Python and contributing to FOSS projects like GeoJSON. They have also developed ArcGIS Online, a cloud-based GIS platform that offers a range of features and capabilities that are difficult to replicate with FOSS.
  • Autodesk: Autodesk, a leading provider of geospatial software, has embraced FOSS by offering support for FOSS technologies like OpenStreetMap and the PostGIS database. They have also developed Autodesk InfraWorks, a cloud-based GIS platform that offers advanced features like 3D modeling and visualization.
  • Trimble: Trimble, a provider of geospatial hardware and software, has invested heavily in the development of their proprietary software offerings. This has included the development of Trimble Connect, a cloud-based collaboration platform that integrates with other Trimble software products. They have also acquired several companies that offer complementary geospatial software solutions, allowing them to expand their offerings and remain competitive in the market.

    The Benefits of FOSS and Proprietary Software Integration

    While FOSS and proprietary software can be seen as competing approaches to GIS and geospatial software development, there are also benefits to integrating the two. FOSS technologies can offer cost-effective solutions for specific needs, while proprietary software can offer advanced features and capabilities that are difficult to replicate with FOSS. By integrating the two, developers can offer a more comprehensive suite of software tools that can meet a wider range of user needs.

    Additionally, FOSS can serve as a proving ground for new ideas and technologies that can later be incorporated into proprietary software offerings. This can help to keep proprietary software offerings on the cutting edge of the industry and ensure that they remain competitive over the long term.

    Conclusion

    The rise of FOSS has caused many GIS and geospatial software developers to re-think their strategies and make changes to remain competitive in the industry. While there are challenges associated with FOSS, including lack of support, limited features, compatibility issues, and training requirements, there are also strategies that developers can use to address these challenges. By embracing FOSS, providing support, investing in development, and focusing on niche markets, developers can remain competitive and offer users a comprehensive suite of software tools that meet their needs.

    The integration of FOSS and proprietary software can also offer benefits by allowing developers to offer cost-effective solutions for specific needs while also providing advanced features and capabilities that are difficult to replicate with FOSS. By taking a nuanced approach to software development that incorporates both FOSS and proprietary software, developers can ensure that they remain competitive in the GIS and geospatial software industry for years to come.

    References

    • Cheng, Y., & Zhu, X. (2018). Research on the development of FOSS GIS software. In 2018 2nd International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (CSSE) (pp. 72-75). IEEE.

    • Foerster, T., & Jeske, T. (2017). The role of open source in geospatial software development. In Intelligent Decision Technologies 2017 (pp. 337-345). Springer.

    • Hsu, C. L., & Lin, J. C. (2019). An Exploratory Study of Open Source GIS Software Utilization. Sustainability, 11(17), 4704.

    • Jia, Y., Liu, C., Guo, J., & Yang, J. (2020). Analysis of Geospatial Software Development Based on Open Source Code. Applied Sciences, 10(2), 496.

    • Obe, R., & Hsu, L. (2018). PostGIS in Action. Manning Publications.

    • Yang, M., & Zhang, L. (2017). Study on the integration of open source software and proprietary software in GIS application. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 80, No. 1, p. 012021). IOP Publishing.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Proprietary GIS Software in the Age of Openness. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6387 (Accessed: 10 May 2023).
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The Concept of “Openness” in Geospatial and GIS

In recent years, the concept of “openness” has gained significant attention and momentum across various industries, including geospatial and GIS. Openness refers to the idea of making data, software, and knowledge accessible and available to everyone, with few or no restrictions. This article will explore the concept of openness, including open data, open standards, open science, and other related concepts, and how they relate to the geospatial and GIS industries.

Open Data

Open data refers to data that is made available to the public, free of charge and with no restrictions on use or distribution. The Open Data Handbook defines open data as “data that can be freely used, reused, and redistributed by anyone – subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and share alike.” Open data can include a wide range of information, such as government data, scientific data, and geospatial data.

The availability of open data has transformed the geospatial and GIS industries by enabling new opportunities for collaboration, innovation, and education. Open data has enabled the creation of new applications and tools that utilize geospatial data, such as OpenStreetMap, a collaborative mapping platform that relies on open data to create detailed and accurate maps. Open data has also enabled new approaches to scientific research, such as citizen science projects that engage the public in collecting and analyzing scientific data.

Open Standards

Open standards refer to specifications that are openly available and free for anyone to use and implement. Open standards ensure that software and data can be exchanged and used across different platforms and systems, without restrictions or barriers. The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) is an example of an organization that develops and promotes open standards for geospatial data and services.

The use of open standards has enabled interoperability between different geospatial and GIS systems, enabling users to access and use data and software across different platforms and systems. Open standards have also enabled new approaches to data sharing and collaboration, such as the use of web services and APIs to exchange and integrate data between different systems.

Open Science

Open science refers to the idea of making scientific research and knowledge accessible and available to everyone, with few or no restrictions. Open science can include open access to scientific publications, open data, and open collaboration between researchers and the public.

Open science has transformed the geospatial and GIS industries by enabling new opportunities for scientific research, collaboration, and innovation. Open science has enabled new approaches to data sharing and collaboration, such as the use of citizen science projects to collect and analyze scientific data. Open science has also enabled new approaches to scientific publishing, such as open access journals that make scientific publications available to anyone, free of charge.

Open Source Software

Open source software refers to software that is openly available and free for anyone to use, modify, and distribute. Open source software is often developed and maintained by a community of volunteers, who contribute to the development and improvement of the software. Examples of open source software in the geospatial and GIS industries include QGIS, an open source GIS software, and OpenLayers, an open source mapping library.

Open source software has transformed the geospatial and GIS industries by enabling access to affordable and customizable software solutions. Open source software has enabled new approaches to software development and collaboration, such as the use of GitHub to share and collaborate on software development projects. Open source software has also enabled new approaches to GIS education and training, such as the use of open source software in GIS curriculums.

Community and Collaboration

The concept of openness is closely tied to community and collaboration. Openness enables the creation of communities of users, developers, and advocates who share a common goal of making data, software, and knowledge accessible and available to everyone. Openness also enables collaboration between different organizations, sectors, and countries, enabling the exchange of ideas, knowledge, and resources.

The geospatial and GIS industries have a strong tradition of community and collaboration, driven by the shared goal of creating and using geospatial data and software to solve complex problems and improve decision-making. Openness has enabled the growth and development of these communities by enabling the sharing of data, software, and knowledge. The use of open data, open standards, open science, and open source software has enabled collaboration between different organizations, sectors, and countries, enabling the development of new solutions and innovations.

The use of openness in the geospatial and GIS industries has also enabled new approaches to problem-solving and decision-making. Openness has enabled the creation of participatory and citizen-led approaches to decision-making, such as the use of participatory mapping and community-based planning. Openness has also enabled new approaches to risk assessment and disaster management, such as the use of open data and crowdsourcing to map and analyze disaster risks.

Conclusion

The concept of openness, including open data, open standards, open science, and open source software, has transformed the geospatial and GIS industries by enabling new opportunities for collaboration, innovation, and education. Openness has enabled the creation of new applications and tools that utilize geospatial data, enabled interoperability between different systems, and enabled new approaches to scientific research and collaboration. Openness has also enabled new approaches to problem-solving and decision-making, enabling the creation of participatory and citizen-led approaches to decision-making and risk assessment.

The use of openness in the geospatial and GIS industries has also created a strong tradition of community and collaboration, driven by the shared goal of creating and using geospatial data and software to solve complex problems and improve decision-making. As the use of openness continues to grow and evolve, it is likely to play an increasingly important role in the geospatial and GIS industries, enabling new opportunities for innovation, collaboration, and education.

References

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). The Concept of "Openness" in Geospatial and GIS. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6385 (Accessed: 10 May 2023).
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Free and Open Source Software: Empowering the Geospatial and GIS Industries

Free and open source software (FOSS) refers to software that is released under a license that grants the user the freedom to use, modify, and redistribute the software. FOSS emerged as a response to proprietary software that restricted users’ rights and access to the source code. The establishment of FOSS has had a profound impact on the software industry and has created a community of developers, users, and advocates who support its ideals.

The concept of FOSS originated in the 1980s with the Free Software Foundation (FSF), which was founded by Richard Stallman. The FSF advocated for the creation of software that could be freely shared and modified, and Stallman created the GNU Project, which aimed to create a complete free and open source operating system. The GNU Project produced many of the tools and utilities that are commonly used in FOSS today, such as the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) and the GNU C Library.

In the 1990s, the rise of the internet and the World Wide Web enabled the spread of FOSS and the development of new FOSS projects. One of the most significant of these projects was the Linux kernel, which was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991. The Linux kernel, combined with GNU tools and utilities, created a free and open source operating system that was capable of running on a wide range of hardware.

The establishment of FOSS has created a community of developers, users, and advocates who support its ideals. FOSS developers contribute code to projects, fix bugs, and help support users. FOSS users can download and use software for free, and they also have the freedom to modify and redistribute the software. FOSS advocates promote the use of FOSS and its ideals of openness, collaboration, and community.

FOSS has had a significant impact on the geospatial and GIS industries. Geospatial data and GIS software are critical components of many industries, including environmental management, urban planning, transportation, and emergency management. FOSS has enabled the development of many powerful geospatial tools, such as QGIS, GRASS GIS, and OpenLayers, which are used by geospatial professionals around the world.

FOSS has also created opportunities for collaboration and innovation in the geospatial industry. FOSS projects are often developed by a community of contributors who share a common goal, and this collaboration can lead to the development of new features and tools that are not possible with proprietary software. FOSS also enables customization and integration with other tools, which can lead to greater efficiency and productivity for geospatial professionals.

One of the most significant examples of FOSS in the geospatial industry is OpenStreetMap (OSM). OSM is a collaborative mapping project that aims to create a free and open source map of the world. OSM has been developed by a community of contributors who collect and edit geospatial data from around the world. OSM data is used by many organizations and individuals, including governments, non-profits, and businesses, to create maps and support decision-making.

FOSS has also created opportunities for education and training in the geospatial industry. Many FOSS projects have active communities that provide support and resources for users, including documentation, tutorials, and training materials. FOSS also enables access to software and tools for individuals and organizations that may not have the resources to invest in proprietary software.

FOSS has had a significant impact on the software industry and has created a community of developers, users, and advocates who support its ideals. FOSS has enabled the development of many powerful geospatial tools and has created opportunities for collaboration, innovation, and education in the geospatial industry. As the use of geospatial data and GIS software continues to grow, FOSS will continue to play a vital role in the industry by enabling access to affordable and customizable software solutions.

However, FOSS also faces challenges and limitations. One of the biggest challenges is funding and sustainability. Many FOSS projects are developed by volunteers, and maintaining and updating software can be time-consuming and costly. Some FOSS projects have struggled to secure funding and have faced issues with sustainability. The FOSS community is constantly exploring new models for funding and sustainability, such as crowdfunding, donations, and grants.

Another challenge for FOSS is compatibility and interoperability with proprietary software. While FOSS enables customization and integration, some proprietary software vendors may not support interoperability with FOSS, which can limit the functionality and capabilities of FOSS in certain contexts. Additionally, FOSS may not always meet the specific needs of certain industries or users, which may require proprietary solutions.

Despite these challenges, FOSS continues to thrive and evolve, driven by a community of developers, users, and advocates who are committed to its ideals. FOSS has transformed the software industry and created new opportunities for collaboration, innovation, and education in the geospatial and GIS industries. As the use of geospatial data and GIS software continues to grow, FOSS will continue to play a critical role in enabling access to affordable and customizable software solutions.

References:

  1. Free Software Foundation. (n.d.). What is Free Software? Retrieved from https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.en.html

  2. The Linux Foundation. (n.d.). The History of Linux. Retrieved from https://www.linuxfoundation.org/resources/linux-history/

  3. OSM Wiki. (n.d.). About OpenStreetMap. Retrieved from https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/About_OpenStreetMap

  4. QGIS. (n.d.). What is QGIS? Retrieved from https://www.qgis.org/en/site/about/index.html

  5. OpenLayers. (n.d.). What is OpenLayers? Retrieved from https://openlayers.org/about.html

  6. Geospatial World. (2021). The role of open source in geospatial technology. Retrieved from https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs/the-role-of-open-source-in-geospatial-technology/

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Free and Open Source Software: Empowering the Geospatial and GIS Industries. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6381 (Accessed: 10 May 2023).
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A Review of Types of GIS Software Systems

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Abstract

Geographic Information System (GIS) software is an essential tool that enables the processing, analysis, and visualization of geographic data. This article aims to provide a thorough review of various types of GIS software systems, which include desktop GIS, server GIS, developer GIS, mobile GIS, raster-based GIS software system, computer-aided design (CAD)-based GIS, GIS middleware, and open-source and free software.

Introduction

The ubiquity of spatial data has propelled the importance of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in recent years. GIS allows users to capture, store, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographic information across various domains, such as urban planning, natural resource management, and disaster response (Longley, Goodchild, Maguire, & Rhind, 2015). There are several types of GIS software systems, each with unique characteristics and applications. This article provides a comprehensive overview of these different types, highlighting their features and relevance in modern GIS practice.

Desktop GIS

Desktop GIS refers to standalone software that runs on personal computers and is primarily used for data creation, editing, and visualization purposes (Heywood, Cornelius, & Carver, 2011). Some popular desktop GIS software includes ArcGIS, QGIS, and MapInfo Professional. Desktop GIS software generally offers a user-friendly interface, allowing users to perform spatial analysis, query data, create maps, and generate reports. These tools can handle small to medium-sized datasets and are ideal for individual researchers or small organizations (Longley et al., 2015).

Server GIS

Server GIS software allows multiple users to access, manipulate, and share spatial data in real-time through web services or cloud-based platforms (Peng & Tsou, 2003). This type of software is designed for organizations that need to manage large volumes of data and require collaboration between multiple users simultaneously. Examples of server GIS include ArcGIS Server, GeoServer, and MapServer. By centralizing data storage and processing, server GIS reduces redundancy and ensures that users have access to the most up-to-date information (Heywood et al., 2011).

Developer GIS

Developer GIS comprises libraries, tools, and Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) that enable software developers to create custom GIS applications for diverse user groups (Longley et al., 2015). These tools can integrate GIS functionality into existing applications or develop entirely new ones tailored to specific needs. Popular developer GIS software includes ESRI’s ArcObjects, Google Maps API, and Leaflet.js. By leveraging these tools, developers can create specialized solutions for unique spatial problems across various industries.

Mobile GIS

Mobile GIS refers to GIS software designed for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets (Tsou, 2004). This category of GIS software allows users to collect, edit, and analyze geographic data in real-time while in the field. Examples of mobile GIS applications include ArcGIS Collector, QField, and Locus Map. Mobile GIS software takes advantage of GPS technology to provide location-based services, enabling users to track assets, navigate using digital maps, and conduct field surveys efficiently (Tsou, 2004).

Other Types of GIS Software Systems

Raster-Based GIS Software System: Raster-based GIS focuses on representing continuous geographic features through grid cells or pixels, with each cell assigned a particular value (Foody, 2002). This type of GIS software is particularly useful for analyzing and modeling environmental data, such as elevation, land use, and vegetation. Examples include ERDAS IMAGINE, IDRISI, and GRASS GIS.

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) – Based GIS: CAD-based GIS integrates GIS functionality with traditional CAD systems, allowing users to create and manipulate spatial data in a familiar design environment (Karimi & Akinci, 1997). Examples of CAD-based GIS software include AutoCAD Map 3D, Bentley Map, and MicroStation GeoGraphics.

GIS Middleware (Middle Tier): GIS middleware serves as an intermediary between GIS applications and databases, facilitating communication and data exchange between different systems (Plewe, 1997). This type of software includes Esri’s ArcSDE, Oracle Spatial, and PostGIS.

Open-Source and Free Software: Open-source GIS software is developed by communities of developers who collaborate to create free, publicly available tools (Steiniger & Bocher, 2009). These solutions offer an affordable alternative to proprietary software, with popular examples including QGIS, GRASS GIS, and gvSIG.

Discussion

The diverse array of GIS software systems reflects the growing demand for sophisticated spatial analysis tools across various sectors. Each type of GIS software serves specific purposes, catering to the unique requirements of different user groups. Desktop GIS remains a popular choice for individual researchers and small organizations due to its ease of use and relatively low cost. In contrast, server GIS offers robust data management capabilities that support large-scale collaborative efforts, making it an ideal choice for organizations handling vast amounts of spatial data.

Meanwhile, developer GIS empowers software developers to build custom applications tailored to specific industry needs, fostering innovation in the field of GIS. Mobile GIS enhances fieldwork efficiency by enabling real-time data collection and analysis on-site, streamlining workflows and improving decision-making processes. Specialized GIS software systems, such as raster-based GIS and CAD-based GIS, address particular spatial problem domains by offering specialized tools and techniques tailored to those contexts.

Open-source and free software options provide accessible alternatives to commercial GIS solutions, encouraging the democratization of spatial data analysis and promoting knowledge sharing within the GIS community. The availability of various types of GIS software ensures that users can select the most appropriate tools for their specific needs, maximizing the potential benefits of incorporating GIS into their workflows.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the landscape of GIS software systems is vast and varied, with each type catering to distinct user needs and requirements. Understanding the differences between these various systems is crucial for selecting the most suitable tools for a given context. The ongoing development and evolution of GIS software will undoubtedly continue to shape the way we approach spatial data analysis and visualization, empowering users to make informed decisions and derive valuable insights from geographic information.

References

Foody, G. M. (2002). Status of land cover classification accuracy assessment. Remote Sensing of Environment, 80(1), 185-201.

Heywood, I., Cornelius, S., & Carver, S. (2011). An introduction to Geographical Information Systems (4th ed.). Pearson.

Karimi, H. A., & Akinci, B. (1997). Integration of CAD and GIS: A study on data exchange. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling (Vol. 2, pp. 68-77).

Longley, P. A., Goodchild, M. F., Maguire, D. J., & Rhind, D. W. (2015). Geographic Information Science and Systems (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

Peng, Z.-R., & Tsou, M.-H. (2003). Internet GIS: Distributed Geographic Information Services for the Internet and wireless networks. John Wiley & Sons.

Plewe, B. (1997). GIS online: Information retrieval, mapping, and the Internet. OnWord Press.

Steiniger, S., & Bocher, E. (2009). An overview of current free and open source desktop GIS developments. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 23(10), 1345-1370.

Tsou, M. H. (2004). Integrated mobile GIS and wireless internet map servers for environmental monitoring and management. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 31(3), 153-165.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). A Review of Types of GIS Software Systems. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6377 (Accessed: 18 April 2023).
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Approaches in Developing GIS Software

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Abstract

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have become indispensable tools to a wide array of fields, including environmental management, urban planning, and public health. As the demand for GIS continues to grow, so does the need for innovative GIS software. This article examines four distinct approaches to GIS software development, ranging from writing code without help from existing GIS software to integrating GIS functions through loose and tight coupling methods.

Introduction

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are powerful computer-based tools that allow users to collect, store, analyze, and manipulate geographic data. The proliferation and advancement of GIS have been instrumental in resolving complex spatial problems across various disciplines (Heywood, Cornelius & Carver, 2011). To cater to the diverse needs of different domains, numerous approaches to GIS software development have been devised. The following sections delve into four prominent approaches: (1) writing code without help from existing GIS software; (2) customizing existing GIS software; (3) creating new functions using GIS macros/scripts; (4) loosely and tightly coupled integration.

Approach 1 – Write Your Own Code Without Help From Existing GIS Software

Developing GIS software from scratch entails a significant amount of time, effort, and technical expertise (Burrough & McDonnell, 1998). However, this approach allows developers to create tailor-made solutions specific to a particular problem or user group, thereby ensuring optimal performance and seamless compatibility with other systems (Longley et al., 2015). Furthermore, designing GIS software from the ground up facilitates the incorporation of novel algorithms, techniques, and data structures that may not be present in pre-existing software (Worboys & Duckham, 2004).

Despite its advantages, writing code without utilizing existing GIS software presents several challenges. First, it requires a deep understanding of geospatial concepts, data formats, and programming languages (Chang, 2016). Second, the development process can be time-consuming and resource-intensive, particularly for small organizations or individual developers. Finally, this approach may result in a lack of standardization and interoperability with other GIS software, potentially limiting its usability across different platforms (Goodchild, 1992).

Approach 2 – Customizing Existing GIS Software

Customizing existing GIS software involves modifying and extending the functionality of commercial or open-source GIS platforms to suit specific requirements (Steiniger & Bocher, 2009). This approach benefits from the extensive features, documentation, and user communities associated with popular GIS platforms, such as ArcGIS, QGIS, and GRASS GIS. Consequently, customization reduces development time and costs compared to building software from scratch.

Examples of customization include developing plugins or extensions that add new tools or capabilities to the core software or creating custom scripts that automate routine tasks (Tomlinson, 2013). Although customization generally offers greater flexibility than using off-the-shelf software, it is inevitably constrained by the underlying architecture and design of the original platform (Heywood et al., 2011).

Approach 3 – Creating New Functions Using GIS Macro/Scripts

This approach enables developers to create new functionalities for existing GIS software by leveraging macros or scripting languages (e.g., Python, R, or JavaScript) (Chang, 2016). Macros/scripts are relatively easy to learn and implement, making them an attractive option for developers with limited programming experience (Longley et al., 2015). In addition, macros/scripts facilitate rapid prototyping and testing of new functions, thereby expediting the development process.

However, relying solely on macros/scripts may restrict access to lower-level system functions and data structures, potentially limiting the performance and sophistication of newly developed tools (Worboys & Duckham, 2004). Furthermore, compatibility issues may arise when attempting to share macros/scripts across different software platforms or versions (Steiniger & Bocher, 2009).

Approach 4 – Loosely and Tightly Coupled Integration

Loose coupling and tight coupling are two distinct methods for integrating GIS functions with other software systems. Loose coupling facilitates modularity and flexibility by connecting separate software components through well-defined interfaces such as web services or APIs (Goodchild, Fu & Rich, 2007), thereby allowing developers to interchange components without affecting overall system function (Chang, 2016). This approach is particularly advantageous for projects necessitating interoperability between multiple systems, as it enables data and functionality exchange via standardized interfaces (Bian, 2012). However, loose coupling may not always yield optimal performance and seamless integration, potentially leading to slower execution times and user interface inconsistencies (Xiao et al., 2008).

Conversely, tight coupling involves embedding GIS functions directly within another software application, creating a close interdependence between the systems (Longley et al., 2015). While this method may result in improved performance and tighter integration, it also introduces complexity and potential maintenance issues, especially when upgrading or modifying individual components (Heywood et al., 2011). Tight coupling is well-suited for projects demanding a customized and highly performant solution where GIS functionality plays a central role in the software’s purpose (Tomlinson, 2013). Nevertheless, the increased complexity and maintenance challenges that come with tight coupling require careful consideration of component interdependencies during system upgrades or modifications (Worboys & Duckham, 2004).

Discussion

The four approaches to GIS software development discussed in this article offer different levels of flexibility, complexity, and customization. Each approach has distinct advantages and disadvantages that must be carefully weighed according to the specific needs and resources of the project at hand.

Approach 1 (writing code without existing GIS software) offers the highest degree of customization but also entails a substantial investment of time, expertise, and resources. This approach may be suitable for projects requiring highly specialized solutions or those seeking to incorporate novel algorithms or techniques not available in existing software.

Approach 2 (customizing existing GIS software) provides a more efficient and cost-effective method for tailoring GIS platforms to specific requirements. This approach benefits from the existing features, documentation, and user communities of popular GIS software. However, it is inherently constrained by the design and architecture of the underlying platform, limiting customization potential compared to Approach 1.

Approach 3 (creating new functions using macros/scripts) offers a rapid and accessible means for extending GIS functionality with limited programming experience required. While this approach is well-suited for prototyping and testing new functions, it may restrict access to lower-level system functions and data structures, thus limiting performance and sophistication.

Approach 4 (loosely and tightly coupled integration) focuses on integrating GIS functions with other software systems. Loose coupling emphasizes modularity and interoperability, making it ideal for projects involving multiple systems. On the other hand, tight coupling provides closer integration and improved performance at the expense of increased complexity and maintenance challenges.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the choice of GIS software development approach largely depends on the objectives, resources, and constraints of the project. Developers must carefully assess the desired level of customization, integration, and performance against the required time, expertise, and resource commitments. As the demand for GIS continues to expand across numerous fields, understanding these various approaches can help ensure the successful development and implementation of innovative GIS software tailored to address the diverse and evolving needs of different domains. Future research in this area would benefit from case studies and comparative analyses of these approaches to further elucidate their relative strengths and weaknesses, as well as exploring emerging trends and techniques in GIS software development.

References

Bian, L. (2012). Spatial Approaches to Modeling Dispersion in Network Space. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 102(5), 998-1006.

Burrough, P. A., & McDonnell, R. A. (1998). Principles of Geographic Information Systems. Oxford University Press.

Chang, K. T. (2016). Introduction to Geographic Information Systems. McGraw-Hill Education.

Goodchild, M. F. (1992). Geographical information science. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 6(1), 31-45.

Goodchild, M. F., Fu, P., & Rich, P. (2007). Sharing geographic information: An assessment of the geospatial one-stop. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 97(2), 250-266.

Heywood, I., Cornelius, S., & Carver, S. (2011). An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems. Pearson Education Limited.

Longley, P. A., Goodchild, M. F., Maguire, D. J., & Rhind, D. W. (2015). Geographic Information Science and Systems. John Wiley & Sons.

Steiniger, S., & Bocher, E. (2009). An overview on current free and open source desktop GIS developments. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 23(10), 1345-1370.

Tomlinson, R. (2013). Thinking About GIS: Geographic Information System Planning for Managers. ESRI Press.

Worboys, M., & Duckham, M. (2004). GIS: A Computing Perspective. CRC Press.

Xiao, N., Kwan, M. P., Lin, H., & Wang, D. (2008). Integration of GIS and visualization for the development of a spatial decision support system. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 35(1), 29-45.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Approaches in Developing GIS Software. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6370 (Accessed: 15 April 2023).
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Revisiting the Relevance of Key Skills for GIS Software Developers in the Current Technological Landscape: A Review of Justin Holman’s 2012 Spatial Career Guide

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

The article “Spatial Career Guide – 5 Key Skills for Future GIS Software Developers” by Justin Holman is still relevant for current GIS software developers and technology. Justin provides practical advice to students who aspire to become GIS software developers, highlighting five key skills they should develop. Justin’s five key skills are: writing solid code, problem-solving, communication, teamwork, and learning new technologies quickly.

The first key skill, writing solid code, is the foundation for any successful GIS software developer. Justin recommends that students take courses in computer science and engage in self-study to learn how to write robust, industrial-strength code. He emphasizes the importance of quality assurance, stating that it is a critical part of software development, and that everyone is responsible for it.

The second key skill, problem-solving, is essential for a GIS software developer. Justin encourages students to take a wide variety of challenging courses, including statistics, and explore other fields. He advises students to take courses that interest them and provide them with a different perspective, rather than just fulfilling graduation requirements. Justin believes that learning cool stuff is too important to pass up, especially when students have access to brilliant minds and the time to explore.

The third key skill, communication, is crucial for GIS software developers. Justin recommends that students write a lot, including emails to professors and TAs, blog posts, and even letters to grandparents. Writing helps students learn how to describe technical concepts to people who may not be technical. He encourages students to think of each email as an important business memo and to learn how to convince people to listen to their ideas with their writing.

The fourth key skill, teamwork, is essential for GIS software developers who work in a team environment. Justin advises students to learn how to establish and maintain productive working relationships with team members. He emphasizes that a GIS software developer should be a team player, willing to help other team members and not just focus on their own work.

The fifth and final key skill, learning new technologies quickly, is essential in the constantly evolving field of GIS software development. Justin recommends that students keep up with the latest technologies and take courses to learn new programming languages, tools, and platforms. He believes that GIS software developers who can quickly learn new technologies will have a great career.

In conclusion, Justin’s article provides practical advice for students who aspire to become GIS software developers. The five key skills he recommends are still relevant today and essential for success in the GIS software development field. GIS software developers who have strong coding skills, problem-solving abilities, effective communication skills, are team players, and can quickly learn new technologies will have a bright future in the field.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Revisiting the Relevance of Key Skills for GIS Software Developers in the Current Technological Landscape: A Review of Justin Holman's 2012 Spatial Career Guide. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6350 (Accessed: 12 April 2023).
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Nate Ebel: How GIS Technology Sparked a Career in Software Development

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

The article “A Software Developer’s Story” by Charlie Fitzpatrick and Carla Wheeler tells the story of Nate Ebel, a senior Android engineer at Premise Data in Seattle, Washington. Ebel credits his seventh-grade GIS class for sparking his interest in GIS, technology, and math. In the class, he learned how to use ArcView 3 desktop software to read a digital elevation model (DEM) and generate an elevation surface of Lewiston, Idaho. He later used the Python programming language and the ArcPy analysis package to automate a GIS project at his job at the Lewiston Public Works Department, which led him to pursue a career in software development. Ebel worked at Esri for several years, including as an intern, before moving on to Premise Data.

The article is an excellent example of how early exposure to GIS can lead to a career in software development. Ebel’s story is inspiring because it shows how a simple GIS project in seventh grade can have a profound impact on a person’s career trajectory. It is also a testament to the power of GIS in solving real-world problems. Ebel was able to use GIS technology to automate a project at his job, which saved time and money. This experience inspired him to pursue a career in software development, which has allowed him to continue solving real-world problems using technology.

The article also highlights the importance of GIS education in schools. GIS is a powerful technology that can be used to solve a wide range of real-world problems. However, many students are not exposed to GIS until they reach college or the workforce. By introducing GIS technology to students at a younger age, we can inspire the next generation of GIS professionals and help them develop the skills they need to solve the complex problems of the future.

One of the most important lessons from Ebel’s story is the value of learning how to code. In Ebel’s case, learning how to code in Python was a game-changer. It allowed him to automate a GIS project at his job and paved the way for a career in software development. Learning how to code is becoming increasingly important in many fields, including GIS. As GIS technology continues to evolve, the ability to write code will become an increasingly valuable skill for GIS professionals.

In conclusion, “A Software Developer’s Story” is an inspiring article that highlights the power of GIS technology and the importance of GIS education in schools. Nate Ebel’s story is a testament to the impact that GIS can have on a person’s career trajectory and the value of learning how to code. The article should be required reading for anyone interested in GIS or software development, and it is an excellent example of how GIS can be used to solve real-world problems.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Nate Ebel: How GIS Technology Sparked a Career in Software Development. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6344 (Accessed: 12 April 2023).
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Evolution of GIS Software Development: Essential Skills for Success in the Current Landscape

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are a crucial tool for mapping, analyzing, and managing spatial data. The GIS software development industry has undergone significant changes over the past decade, with the emergence of new technologies and tools. As a result, GIS developers need to keep up with the latest trends to remain competitive and provide the best possible solutions to their clients. In this article, we will explore the importance of keeping up with evolving technologies, the need for diverse skillsets, the importance of spatial thinking, and effective collaboration and communication.

The Importance of Keeping Up with Evolving Technologies

GIS software development has evolved rapidly in recent years, and keeping up with the latest technologies and tools is essential for developers. According to a study by Geospatial World, the GIS software market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 9.6% from 2021 to 2026, which highlights the increasing demand for GIS developers. Therefore, GIS developers need to stay up to date with the latest GIS software development technologies to remain competitive.

Keeping up with evolving technologies may involve taking courses, attending conferences, or participating in online communities and forums. The Esri Developer Summit and the FOSS4G conference are two of the most popular events for GIS developers. These events provide an opportunity for developers to learn about new technologies and network with other professionals in the field. Additionally, online communities such as GIS Stack Exchange and GIS Lounge provide a platform for developers to ask questions and share knowledge.

The Need for Diverse Skillsets

GIS software development requires a diverse set of skills, including programming, problem-solving, communication, teamwork, and spatial thinking. According to a report by GIS Geography, the most in-demand skills for GIS developers are Python, JavaScript, SQL, and HTML/CSS. Therefore, it is important for aspiring GIS developers to seek out educational opportunities that will allow them to develop these skills.

One option is to pursue a degree in computer science, math, or statistics, which can provide a solid foundation in programming and problem-solving. Another option is to take GIS-specific courses, such as those offered by Esri, which can provide training in the latest GIS software development technologies and techniques.

The Importance of Spatial Thinking

Spatial thinking is a critical skill for GIS software developers. It involves the ability to think about data in terms of its spatial relationships, to understand how spatial data is structured and organized, and to derive meaningful insights from this data. Therefore, it is important for GIS developers to continue to develop their spatial thinking skills, and to seek out opportunities to work with a wide range of spatial data formats and tools.

One way to develop spatial thinking skills is to work on real-world GIS projects. This can provide an opportunity to work with spatial data in a practical setting and develop an understanding of how it can be used to solve real-world problems. Additionally, taking courses in GIS and spatial analysis can provide a foundation in spatial thinking and help developers to stay up to date with the latest techniques and tools.

Collaboration and Communication

Effective collaboration and communication are essential for GIS software development. As GIS projects often involve working with diverse stakeholders, including clients, project managers, and other members of the development team, it is important for GIS developers to be able to communicate effectively with a wide range of people. This may involve developing skills in project management, interpersonal communication, and cross-functional collaboration.

One way to develop collaboration and communication skills is to work on team projects, either in a professional or educational setting. This can provide an opportunity to work with others and develop an understanding of how to communicate effectively with different stakeholders. Additionally, taking courses in project management or communication can provide a foundation for developing these skills.

Discussion

GIS software development is a dynamic and evolving field that requires a diverse set of skills and a commitment to ongoing learning and professional development. As technology advances at an exponential pace, GIS software developers need to keep up with the latest developments to remain competitive and provide the best possible solutions to their clients.

In addition to keeping up with evolving technologies, it is essential for GIS developers to have a diverse skillset that encompasses programming, problem-solving, communication, teamwork, and spatial thinking. A strong foundation in computer science, math, and statistics can provide the technical skills needed to develop GIS applications, while courses in GIS-specific technologies and techniques can help to develop specialized knowledge.

Spatial thinking remains a critical skill for GIS software developers. The ability to think spatially, understand spatial relationships and data organization, and derive meaningful insights from spatial data is essential for the development of effective GIS applications. GIS developers need to continue to develop their spatial thinking abilities and work with a wide range of spatial data formats and tools to hone their skills.

Effective collaboration and communication are also essential for GIS software development. GIS projects typically involve working with diverse stakeholders, and GIS developers need to be able to communicate effectively with clients, project managers, and other members of the development team. Developing skills in project management, interpersonal communication, and cross-functional collaboration can help to build these skills and facilitate effective collaboration.

Conclusion

GIS software development is a dynamic and exciting field that requires a diverse set of skills and a commitment to ongoing learning and professional development. By staying up to date with the latest technologies, developing strong communication and collaboration skills, and continuing to build their spatial thinking abilities, GIS developers can succeed in this challenging and rewarding field.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Evolution of GIS Software Development: Essential Skills for Success in the Current Landscape. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6342 (Accessed: 12 April 2023).
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Spatial Career Guide – 5 Key Skills for Future GIS Software Developers – A Short Review

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

The article by Justin Holman titled “Spatial Career Guide – 5 Key Skills for Future GIS Software Developers” discusses the skills that are essential for a GIS software developer. The author encourages students to continue pursuing their degree in geography and take courses from other technical departments such as computer science, physics, and math to develop skills that are crucial for a career in software development. The article emphasizes the importance of being able to write solid code, solving challenging technical and non-technical problems, effective communication skills, teamwork, and quick learning abilities.

In the current situation, GIS software development has seen a significant advancement with the development of new technologies such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data. Therefore, developers must possess advanced technical skills to adapt to these new changes. However, the five key skills mentioned in the article remain relevant today, and GIS students must continue to develop these skills to succeed in the industry. The ability to write solid code remains critical, and GIS students should learn popular programming languages such as Python and JavaScript, which are commonly used in GIS software development. Additionally, they must possess excellent problem-solving skills, quick learning abilities, effective communication skills, and the ability to work in a team.

Overall, the article by Justin Holman remains relevant today, and GIS students must continue to develop the five key skills mentioned in the article. The author’s emphasis on the importance of pursuing courses in geography, along with other technical departments, is still valid, as GIS remains the foundation of spatial analysis. Therefore, GIS students should continue to build a strong foundation in GIS while developing advanced technical skills to succeed in the ever-evolving GIS software development industry.

Source:
Holman, J. (2012). Spatial Career Guide – 5 Key Skills for Future GIS Software Developers. Retrieved from https://www.justinholman.com/2012/03/29/spatial-career-guide-5-key-skills-for-future-gis-software-developers/

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Spatial Career Guide - 5 Key Skills for Future GIS Software Developers - A Short Review. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6339 (Accessed: 12 April 2023).
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Remaining Competitive in the GIS Software Market: Strategies for Success

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

GIS (Geographic Information System) software has become increasingly important in recent years as organizations have realized the benefits of using location-based data to make better decisions. As a result, the GIS software market has become highly competitive, with a range of vendors vying for market share. In order to survive and thrive in this market, GIS software vendors must adopt a range of strategies that enable them to innovate, provide excellent customer service, and compete effectively with other vendors.

Innovation is a critical factor in the success of GIS software vendors. As technology continues to evolve, vendors must keep up with these changes by introducing new features and capabilities. For example, Esri, one of the leading GIS software vendors, regularly introduces new tools and functionalities to its ArcGIS platform, such as the ability to use machine learning to classify land use and land cover (Esri, n.d.). By keeping up with technological advances, vendors can remain relevant and competitive in the market.

Another important factor is customer focus. GIS software vendors that listen to their customers, understand their needs and requirements, and provide tailored solutions tend to be more successful. For example, Mapbox, a provider of mapping and location-based services, has a customer-focused approach that involves working closely with its customers to understand their unique requirements and develop solutions that meet those needs (Mapbox, n.d.).

Partnering with other vendors is also a key strategy for GIS software vendors. By collaborating with other technology vendors, GIS software vendors can provide integrated solutions that meet the needs of specific industries or applications. For example, Pitney Bowes, a provider of location intelligence and customer engagement solutions, has partnered with Microsoft to integrate its software with Microsoft Dynamics CRM (Pitney Bowes, 2019).

Pricing strategies are another important consideration for GIS software vendors. Vendors that offer flexible pricing models that meet the needs of different types of customers tend to be more successful. For example, Carto, a provider of location intelligence software, offers a range of pricing options, including pay-as-you-go, annual, and enterprise plans, to meet the needs of different types of customers (Carto, n.d.).

Effective training and support are also critical factors in the success of GIS software vendors. By providing customers with the tools and resources they need to adopt and use their products effectively, vendors can increase customer satisfaction and retention. For example, MapInfo, a provider of GIS software, offers a range of training courses and resources to help its customers learn how to use its products effectively (MapInfo, n.d.).

Marketing and brand awareness are also important considerations for GIS software vendors. By investing in advertising, participating in industry events, and developing thought leadership content, vendors can reach potential customers and build brand awareness. For example, Geospatial Corporation, a provider of underground infrastructure mapping services, has developed a thought leadership program that includes webinars, whitepapers, and case studies to educate its customers and build its brand (Geospatial Corporation, n.d.).

Finally, data security and privacy are critical considerations for GIS software vendors. Vendors must ensure the security and privacy of customer data in order to maintain trust and credibility. This involves implementing effective security measures, complying with data privacy regulations, and providing transparent policies and procedures. For example, Hexagon, a provider of location intelligence solutions, has implemented a range of security measures to protect its customers’ data, including encryption and access controls (Hexagon, n.d.).

In conclusion, GIS software vendors must adopt a range of strategies to remain competitive and thrive in the market. These strategies include innovation, customer focus, partnering with other vendors, flexible pricing strategies, effective training and support, marketing and brand awareness, and data security and privacy. By adopting these strategies, vendors can remain relevant and competitive in the market, but must also be prepared to adapt to changes in technology and customer needs. As the GIS software market continues to evolve, vendors that are able to adapt and innovate will be best positioned for success.

References

Esri. (n.d.). ArcGIS Platform. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-platform/overview

Mapbox. (n.d.). Why Customer-Centricity is Critical to Mapbox’s Success. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from https://www.mapbox.com/blog/customer-centricity-mapbox-success/

Pitney Bowes. (2019, November 4). Pitney Bowes Partners with Microsoft to Deliver the Next Generation of Customer Experience. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from https://www.pitneybowes.com/us/newsroom/press-releases/pitney-bowes-partners-with-microsoft-to-deliver-the-next-generat.html

Carto. (n.d.). Pricing Plans. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from https://carto.com/pricing/

MapInfo. (n.d.). Training. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from https://www.pitneybowes.com/us/location-intelligence/gis-software/mapinfo-professional/training.html

Geospatial Corporation. (n.d.). Thought Leadership. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from https://geospatialcorporation.com/thought-leadership/

Hexagon. (n.d.). Security. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from https://www.hexagongeospatial.com/products/power-portfolio/security

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Remaining Competitive in the GIS Software Market: Strategies for Success. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6334 (Accessed: 11 April 2023).
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Challenges Faced by GIS Software Vendors: Staying Competitive in a Rapidly Evolving Market

by Shahabuddin Amerudin

Introduction

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software is a powerful tool used by organizations and individuals for various purposes, such as urban planning, environmental management, and disaster response. The GIS software market has been growing rapidly in recent years, with a variety of vendors offering different products and services. However, like any other industry, GIS software vendors face various challenges that they need to overcome to stay competitive and meet the needs of their customers. This article discusses some of the most common challenges faced by GIS software vendors and their impact on the industry.

Competition

The GIS software market is highly competitive, with many vendors offering similar products and services. According to a report by ResearchAndMarkets, the GIS software market is expected to grow from $9.6 billion in 2020 to $14.5 billion by 2025, with a CAGR of 8.6%. This growth is expected to attract more vendors to the market, making it even more competitive.

To differentiate themselves, GIS software vendors need to offer unique features and capabilities that meet the specific needs of their customers. For example, some vendors may focus on providing solutions for the transportation industry, while others may focus on the agriculture sector. However, developing these unique features requires significant investments in research and development, which may be challenging for smaller vendors with limited resources.

Rapidly changing technology

GIS software vendors need to keep up with the latest technological advances in order to remain competitive. This can be challenging, as new technologies are constantly emerging and evolving. For example, the emergence of cloud computing has transformed the way GIS software is deployed and accessed. Cloud-based GIS software offers several benefits, such as scalability, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness. However, developing cloud-based GIS software requires different skills and expertise compared to traditional desktop-based software.

Moreover, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in GIS software is becoming increasingly popular. These technologies enable GIS software to analyze vast amounts of data and provide insights that were previously impossible to obtain. However, implementing AI and ML requires specialized skills and expertise, which may not be readily available for all vendors.

Integration with other systems

GIS software is often used in conjunction with other software systems, such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) and customer relationship management (CRM) systems. Ensuring seamless integration with these systems can be challenging, particularly as each organization’s software environment may be unique. For example, integrating GIS software with an ERP system may require developing custom connectors and APIs, which may be time-consuming and costly.

Data quality

GIS software relies on accurate and up-to-date data in order to function properly. However, ensuring data quality can be a challenge, particularly as data is often sourced from a range of different systems and databases. For example, location data may be sourced from satellite imagery, GPS sensors, or user-generated content, each of which may have different levels of accuracy and reliability.

To ensure data quality, GIS software vendors need to develop robust data management processes and tools. These tools may include data cleansing and validation algorithms, as well as data visualization and analysis capabilities to identify data quality issues.

Cost

GIS software can be expensive, particularly for organizations that require a large number of licenses or access to advanced features. As a result, cost can be a barrier to adoption for some organizations. Moreover, GIS software vendors may also face pricing pressure from competitors who offer similar products and services at lower prices.

To address this challenge, GIS software vendors may need to develop innovative pricing models, such as subscription-based pricing or pay-per-use models. These pricing models can help reduce the upfront cost of adopting GIS software and make it more accessible to a wider range of organizations.

Data security

GIS software often involves the processing and storage of sensitive data, such as location data and customer information. Ensuring the security of this data can be a challenge, particularly as cyber threats become increasingly sophisticated. A data breach can not only lead to financial losses for the affected organization but also damage its reputation and erode customer trust.

To address this challenge, GIS software vendors need to develop robust security protocols and tools. These may include encryption and access controls to protect data at rest and in transit, as well as intrusion detection and prevention systems to identify and mitigate cyber threats.

User adoption

GIS software can be complex, and may require significant training and support in order to be used effectively. Ensuring user adoption can be a challenge, particularly as organizations may need to train large numbers of employees. Moreover, employees may be resistant to change and reluctant to adopt new technologies, particularly if they perceive them as difficult to use or not relevant to their job responsibilities.

To address this challenge, GIS software vendors need to develop user-friendly interfaces and provide comprehensive training and support to their customers. This may include online tutorials, user manuals, and in-person training sessions. Moreover, GIS software vendors may also need to provide ongoing technical support and troubleshooting services to ensure that their customers can use their products effectively.

Conclusion

The GIS software market is expected to continue growing in the coming years, driven by increased demand for location-based analytics and insights. However, GIS software vendors face various challenges, including competition, rapidly changing technology, integration with other systems, data quality, cost, data security, and user adoption. To overcome these challenges, GIS software vendors need to invest in research and development, develop innovative pricing models, develop robust security protocols, and provide comprehensive training and support to their customers. Moreover, GIS software vendors need to stay agile and adaptable to remain competitive in a fast-evolving industry.

References

  1. ResearchAndMarkets. (2021). Global GIS software market report 2020-2025: Market size is expected to grow from $9.6 billion in 2020 to $14.5 billion by 2025. Retrieved from https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5312694/global-gis-software-market-report-2020-2025

  2. GIS Lounge. (2020). Top 10 challenges in GIS implementation. Retrieved from https://www.gislounge.com/top-10-challenges-in-gis-implementation/

  3. Gartner. (2021). Hype cycle for location intelligence and spatial analytics, 2021. Retrieved from https://www.gartner.com/document/4000772/hype-cycle-for-location-intelligence-and-spatial-analytics-2021

  4. ESRI. (2022). GIS software. Retrieved from https://www.esri.com/en-us/what-is-gis/gis-software

  5. KPMG. (2021). Top 5 GIS trends for 2021. Retrieved from https://advisory.kpmg.us/articles/2021/top-5-gis-trends-for-2021.html

  6. Forbes Technology Council. (2018). The biggest challenges facing the GIS industry today. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2018/04/12/the-biggest-challenges-facing-the-gis-industry-today/?sh=1aa02b5460ec

  7. URISA. (2018). GIS professional ethics and standards. Retrieved from https://www.urisa.org/ethics

  8. Silva, R., & Painho, M. (2020). Challenges and opportunities for the integration of GIS with BIM: A review of the state-of-the-art. Automation in Construction, 115, 103182. doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2020.103182

  9. Al-Saadi, F., & Naser, A. (2019). Factors influencing the adoption of GIS technology: A review. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 8(11), 29-48. Retrieved from https://www.ijicc.net/images/vol8iss11/81105_Al-Saadi_2019_E_R.pdf

  10. Zhang, J., & Lu, Y. (2021). A review of GIS applications in smart city development. Journal of Urban Management, 10(1), 21-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jum.2020.12.003

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Challenges Faced by GIS Software Vendors: Staying Competitive in a Rapidly Evolving Market. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6332 (Accessed: 11 April 2023).
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Selecting the Right GIS Software Vendor: Key Questions to Ask When Evaluating Solutions

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Geographic Information System (GIS) software is an essential tool for managing and analyzing geographic data in many industries, including government, utilities, natural resource management, and transportation. Selecting the right GIS software vendor and solution for your organization can be a daunting task, given the wide range of features, capabilities, and pricing options available in the market. In this article, we will discuss the key questions you should ask when evaluating GIS software vendors to ensure that you select a solution that meets your organization’s specific needs.

  1. What are the features and capabilities of your GIS software?

The first and most important question to ask a GIS software vendor is what features and capabilities are included in their solution. GIS software can vary widely in terms of functionality, ranging from basic mapping tools to advanced spatial analysis and modeling. Depending on your organization’s needs, you may require features such as data visualization, spatial querying, geocoding, network analysis, or 3D modeling. Additionally, some GIS software may offer specialized capabilities for specific industries, such as hydrological modeling for water resource management or pipeline routing for oil and gas. By understanding the features and capabilities of a GIS software solution, you can determine whether it is a good fit for your organization’s needs.

  1. What are the pricing options for your GIS software and what is included in each option?

Pricing is another critical factor to consider when evaluating GIS software vendors. GIS software pricing can vary widely, depending on the features, licensing model, and support options offered. Some vendors may offer subscription-based pricing, which includes regular updates and technical support, while others may offer perpetual licensing with optional support plans. Additionally, some GIS software may require additional modules or plugins to access advanced features, which can add to the overall cost. By understanding the pricing options for a GIS software solution, you can determine whether it is a good fit for your organization’s budget.

  1. What technical support options are available and what is the process for accessing support?

Technical support is an essential consideration when selecting a GIS software vendor, as even the most robust software can encounter issues or require assistance from time to time. Some vendors may offer 24/7 technical support via phone, email, or online chat, while others may offer support during standard business hours only. Additionally, some vendors may offer different tiers of support, ranging from basic troubleshooting to dedicated account management. By understanding the technical support options and process for accessing support, you can ensure that you have the resources and assistance you need to maximize the value of your GIS software investment.

  1. Can the GIS software be customized to meet the specific needs of my organization?

Customizability is another important consideration when evaluating GIS software vendors, as every organization has unique requirements and workflows. Some GIS software may offer built-in customization options, such as scripting or API integrations, while others may require additional development resources to modify or extend the software. Additionally, some vendors may offer consulting or development services to help tailor the software to your organization’s specific needs. By understanding the customizability options for a GIS software solution, you can ensure that it can be adapted to your organization’s unique requirements.

  1. What security measures are in place to protect my organization’s geographic data?

Security is a critical concern for any organization that manages sensitive data, including geographic data. GIS software vendors should be able to provide information about their security measures, such as encryption, access controls, and data backups. Additionally, some vendors may offer compliance certifications, such as ISO 27001 or SOC 2, to demonstrate their commitment to data security. By understanding the security measures in place for a GIS software solution, you can ensure that your organization’s data is protected from unauthorized access or loss.

  1. Is the GIS software compatible with other software applications that my organization uses?

Integration with other software applications is another important consideration when selecting a GIS software vendor, as many organizations use multiple software tools to manage their operations. GIS software should be able to integrate with other software applications, such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, customer relationship management (CRM) software, or business intelligence (BI) tools. Additionally, some GIS software may offer connectors or APIs to enable seamless data exchange between different software applications. By understanding the compatibility options for a GIS software solution, you can ensure that it can be integrated with your organization’s existing software ecosystem.

  1. What is your company’s experience in the GIS industry and can you provide references from other clients?

Experience and reputation are important factors to consider when selecting a GIS software vendor, as they can provide insight into the vendor’s track record of delivering high-quality solutions and supporting their clients. GIS software vendors should be able to provide information about their experience in the industry, including their history, customer base, and areas of expertise. Additionally, they should be able to provide references from other clients who have used their software and services. By understanding the vendor’s experience and reputation, you can ensure that you are working with a trusted and reliable partner.

  1. What training and education resources are available for users of the GIS software?

Training and education are essential for maximizing the value of a GIS software investment, as they can help users understand the software’s capabilities and how to use it effectively. GIS software vendors should be able to provide information about their training and education resources, such as online tutorials, documentation, or instructor-led courses. Additionally, some vendors may offer certification programs to demonstrate proficiency in their software. By understanding the training and education resources available for a GIS software solution, you can ensure that your organization’s users have the knowledge and skills needed to use the software effectively.

  1. What is the roadmap for future development of the GIS software and how will my organization benefit from it?

The roadmap for future development is another important consideration when selecting a GIS software vendor, as it can provide insight into the vendor’s vision for the software and its potential future capabilities. GIS software vendors should be able to provide information about their development plans, including upcoming features and enhancements, as well as how they will benefit their clients. Additionally, they should be able to provide a timeline for the release of new features and updates. By understanding the vendor’s roadmap for future development, you can ensure that the GIS software solution you select will continue to meet your organization’s evolving needs.

  1. What are the system requirements for running the GIS software and how will it integrate with my organization’s existing IT infrastructure?

System requirements and integration with existing IT infrastructure are important considerations when selecting a GIS software vendor, as they can impact the software’s performance and compatibility with other systems. GIS software vendors should be able to provide information about the system requirements for running their software, including hardware, operating system, and database requirements. Additionally, they should be able to provide information about how the software will integrate with your organization’s existing IT infrastructure, such as network configuration or database integration. By understanding the system requirements and integration options for a GIS software solution, you can ensure that it will run effectively and efficiently in your organization’s environment.

Conclusion

Selecting the right GIS software vendor and solution for your organization can be a complex and challenging process. By asking the right questions about features, pricing, technical support, customizability, security, compatibility, experience, training, development roadmap, and system requirements, you can ensure that you make an informed decision that meets your organization’s specific needs. Additionally, it is important to evaluate multiple GIS software vendors and solutions, and to take the time to compare and contrast their offerings before making a final selection. With the right due diligence and research, you can find a GIS software solution that helps your organization manage and analyze geographic data effectively and efficiently, enabling better decision-making and driving business value.

It is also important to note that GIS software is not a one-size-fits-all solution, and different organizations will have different needs and priorities. Therefore, it is critical to evaluate GIS software vendors and solutions in the context of your organization’s unique requirements and objectives. This may involve conducting a needs assessment, identifying key use cases and workflows, and involving stakeholders from different departments and levels of the organization in the selection process.

Ultimately, selecting the right GIS software vendor and solution requires a comprehensive and strategic approach, as well as a willingness to invest the time and resources necessary to make an informed decision. By asking the right questions and conducting thorough research, you can ensure that you select a GIS software solution that meets your organization’s specific needs and helps you achieve your goals.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Selecting the Right GIS Software Vendor: Key Questions to Ask When Evaluating Solutions. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6330 (Accessed: 11 April 2023).
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The Evolution of GIS Software Vendors: From Early Beginnings to Modern Advancements

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

GIS (Geographic Information System) software has come a long way since the first systems were developed in the 1960s. From humble beginnings as experimental research tools, GIS software applications have become essential components of numerous industries, including urban planning, environmental management, and disaster response. In this article, we will take a look at the progress of GIS software vendors from the earliest days of GIS to the present day.

The earliest GIS software systems were developed in the 1960s and 1970s by researchers at universities and government agencies. These systems were experimental and primarily used for research purposes, but they laid the foundation for the development of more sophisticated GIS software applications in the following decades. One notable early system was the Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS), which was developed by the Canadian government in the early 1960s (Foresman, 1998).

The 1970s and 1980s saw the birth of a number of companies that specialised in the production of commercial GIS software. These companies included Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), Intergraph, and AutoDesk.These systems were still rather complicated and expensive, but they were getting easier to operate and more accessible to those who were not specialists in the field. They embarked on the process of creating and distributing GIS software solutions for a variety of business sectors. These companies built software applications that were both more user-friendly and more affordably priced than the systems that came before them, which made GIS available to a larger variety of customers (Longley et al., 2015).

The 1990s saw a significant expansion in the availability and use of GIS software. The introduction of Windows-based operating systems and the development of user-friendly interfaces made GIS software more accessible to a wider range of users. This, in turn, led to an increase in demand for GIS software, particularly in industries such as urban planning, transportation, and environmental management. GIS software vendors began to focus on integrating GIS with other software systems, such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) and customer relationship management (CRM) software. This integration helped to further expand the use of GIS beyond traditional mapping and spatial analysis applications (Batty, 2013). One of the major advancements in GIS software occurred in the 1990s with the introduction of web-based GIS. This allowed users to access GIS data and applications through a web browser, making GIS more accessible to a wider range of users. 

The 2000s saw the emergence of cloud-based GIS software, which allowed users to access GIS applications from anywhere with an Internet connection. This technology has helped to democratize GIS, making it more accessible to smaller organizations and individuals (Goodchild, 2010). This has made GIS more flexible and scalable, and has allowed organizations to more easily share and collaborate on GIS data. This led to an explosion in the availability and diversity of GIS software applications, as well as the emergence of new business models based on software-as-a-service (SaaS) and cloud computing.

In the 2010s, the GIS industry saw significant developments, including the emergence of cloud-based GIS software, which provided users with access to GIS software and data from any location. The use of mobile GIS also increased during this period, enabling GIS professionals to collect and analyze data in the field. GIS software vendors, such as TerraGo and Trimble, developed mobile software solutions for real-time data collection and analysis. Additionally, companies such as Tableau and QGIS improved the visualization of spatial data, allowing users to create sophisticated data visualizations, including maps, charts, and graphs. These advancements made GIS more accessible, affordable, and easy to use for smaller organizations and individuals. (ESRI, 2010; Trimble, 2013; Tableau, 2013).

The 2020s have seen several significant advancements in the GIS industry, including the integration of AI and machine learning into GIS software solutions. GIS software vendors such as ESRI and Google have developed AI and ML tools that allow users to automate tasks and gain new insights into spatial data (Google, 2021).. Additionally, the use of open source GIS software has become increasingly popular, with vendors like QGIS and GeoServer offering solutions that are comparable or even better than proprietary GIS software (GeoServer, 2021). With the increasing amount of spatial data being collected, GIS software vendors are also placing greater emphasis on data privacy and security. Trimble and ESRI are among the companies that have developed software solutions that provide users with greater control over their data and help them comply with data privacy regulations (Trimble, 2021).. These advancements are paving the way for new possibilities in the GIS industry and are helping to make spatial data analysis more accessible and secure than ever before.

As the use of GIS continues to expand across industries and sectors, GIS software vendors are also facing new challenges. One of the biggest challenges is ensuring the security of GIS data, particularly as more organizations move to cloud-based GIS solutions. GIS software vendors must implement robust security measures, such as encryption and access controls, to protect GIS data from unauthorized access and cyberattacks.

Overall, the progress of GIS software vendors over the past several decades has been impressive, and the future looks bright for the continued development and application of GIS technology. As GIS software becomes increasingly accessible and user-friendly, it is likely that we will see even more widespread adoption of GIS technology across industries and fields, leading to new insights and innovations that can help us better understand and manage our world. 

References:

Batty, M. (2013). The New Science of Cities. MIT Press.

ESRI. (2010). Esri releases ArcGIS Online. https://www.esri.com/about/newsroom/announcements/arcgis-online/

Foresman, T. W. (1998). History of Geographic Information Systems. In J. Pickles (Ed.), Ground Truth: The Social Implications of Geographic Information Systems (pp. 3-24). Guilford Press.

GeoServer. (2021). GeoServer. https://geoserver.org/

Google. (2021). Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. https://cloud.google.com/solutions/ai-ml/

Goodchild, M. F. (2010). Twenty Years of Progress: GIScience in 2010. Journal of Spatial Information Science, 1(1), 3-20.

Kitchin, R. (2013). Big Data and Human Geography: Opportunities, Challenges and Risks. Dialogues in Human Geography, 3(3), 262-267.

Longley, P., Goodchild, M., Maguire, D., & Rhind, D. (2015). Geographic Information Systems and Science (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

Tableau. (2013). Data Visualization Software. https://www.tableau.com/products

Trimble. (2013). Trimble Announces New Mobile GIS Solutions for Field Workforce Management. https://www.trimble.com/news/release.aspx?id=090513a

Trimble. (2021). Trimble GeoPrivacy. https://geospatial.trimble.com/geo-privacy

 

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). The Evolution of GIS Software Vendors: From Early Beginnings to Modern Advancements. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6325 (Accessed: 11 April 2023).
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ArcGIS Suite: Understanding the Differences Between ArcGIS Desktop, ArcGIS Pro, and ArcGIS Enterprise

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

ArcGIS is a comprehensive suite of GIS (Geographic Information System) software products developed and distributed by Esri, a leading provider of GIS technology. The suite includes ArcGIS Desktop, ArcGIS Pro, and ArcGIS Enterprise, which are the primary GIS applications used by professionals and organizations for spatial analysis, data management, and visualization. While these applications share similar features, they differ in their architecture, capabilities, and user interface, making each suitable for specific tasks and user needs.

ArcGIS Desktop, also known as ArcMap, is a traditional GIS software that has been in use since the early 2000s. It is a Windows-based application that is installed on a user’s computer and provides a comprehensive set of tools for creating, editing, and analyzing spatial data. ArcMap’s interface is designed to be familiar to GIS professionals, with a menu bar, toolbars, and a map window, making it easy to learn for those who have been using it for years. However, as technology has evolved, Esri has released newer software to provide additional features and better support for new data formats.

ArcGIS Pro is the latest addition to the ArcGIS suite, launched in 2015, and is considered the next generation of GIS software. It is a modern, 64-bit, multi-threaded application that leverages the power of desktop and web technologies to provide an integrated, seamless, and efficient user experience. ArcGIS Pro allows users to create and edit data, perform analysis, and share projects and maps in 2D and 3D, with new tools and workflows that are not available in ArcMap. Its interface is designed to be more intuitive, with a ribbon-like menu and a contextual pane that adapts to the current task, making it easier for new users to learn and use the software.

ArcGIS Enterprise is a web-based GIS platform that enables organizations to deploy and manage GIS resources on-premises, in the cloud, or in a hybrid environment. It includes a suite of server software components, such as ArcGIS Server, Portal for ArcGIS, and ArcGIS Data Store, that work together to provide a complete GIS infrastructure. ArcGIS Enterprise allows users to publish and share GIS data and services, create and manage web maps and apps, and collaborate and communicate with other users within and outside the organization. It provides enterprise-grade security, scalability, and performance, making it suitable for large organizations with complex GIS needs.

The main differences between ArcGIS Desktop, ArcGIS Pro, and ArcGIS Enterprise can be summarized as follows:

  • Architecture: ArcGIS Desktop is a Windows-based desktop application that is installed on a user’s computer, while ArcGIS Pro is a modern, multi-threaded, and 64-bit desktop application that is installed on a user’s computer. ArcGIS Enterprise is a web-based GIS platform that can be deployed on-premises, in the cloud, or in a hybrid environment, providing scalability and flexibility.

  • User Interface: ArcGIS Desktop has a traditional interface with a menu bar, toolbars, and a map window, while ArcGIS Pro has a ribbon-like menu and a contextual pane that adapts to the current task, making it more intuitive and easier to learn. ArcGIS Enterprise has a web-based interface that can be accessed from a browser, making it suitable for remote users and mobile devices.

  • Capabilities: ArcGIS Desktop and ArcGIS Pro have similar capabilities, such as data creation, editing, and analysis, but ArcGIS Pro has additional features, such as 3D visualization, advanced analysis, and integrated workflows. ArcGIS Enterprise provides additional capabilities, such as web GIS services, collaboration, and security, that are not available in the desktop applications.

  • Licensing: ArcGIS Desktop and ArcGIS Pro are licensed as standalone products or as part of an ArcGIS Desktop or ArcGIS Pro license bundle, while ArcGIS Enterprise is licensed on a per-user or per-server basis, with different levels of functionality and scalability depending on the license type.

  • Data Management: ArcGIS Desktop and ArcGIS Pro have similar data management capabilities, with the ability to create, edit, and analyze spatial data. However, ArcGIS Pro provides additional data management features, such as geodatabase replication, geodatabase topology, and parcel fabric editing. ArcGIS Enterprise provides centralized data management and sharing through its server components, such as ArcGIS Server and Portal for ArcGIS.

    In conclusion, the ArcGIS suite of software products provides a comprehensive set of tools and workflows for GIS professionals and organizations to manage, analyze, and visualize spatial data. ArcGIS Desktop, ArcGIS Pro, and ArcGIS Enterprise are the primary applications in the suite, each designed for specific tasks and user needs. While they share similar features, they differ in their architecture, capabilities, and user interface, making each suitable for different use cases. It is important to consider these differences when choosing which application to use for specific tasks or when deciding on a GIS infrastructure for an organization.

    References:

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). ArcGIS Suite: Understanding the Differences Between ArcGIS Desktop, ArcGIS Pro, and ArcGIS Enterprise. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6323 (Accessed: 11 April 2023).
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Cost-Benefit Analysis: A Guide for GIS Students to Make Informed Computer Purchasing Decisions

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Conducting a cost-benefit analysis is an important step when deciding on the appropriate computer specifications for GIS students. This analysis allows students to weigh the benefits of investing in a higher-end computer against the costs associated with owning and maintaining the computer over time. Below are the steps to conduct a cost-benefit analysis:

  1. Identify the costs: When choosing a computer, there are a variety of costs to consider. These include the initial purchase price, as well as ongoing expenses such as maintenance, repairs, and upgrades. It is important to consider all of these costs when conducting a cost-benefit analysis.

  2. Identify the benefits: The benefits of investing in a higher-end computer may include improved performance, increased productivity, and the ability to run more advanced GIS software. Consider the potential benefits that a higher-end computer may provide and weigh them against the costs.

  3. Assign values: Assigning values to the costs and benefits can help to compare the two. This can be done by assigning a monetary value to each cost and benefit. For example, the cost of a computer may be RM4,000, while the benefit of improved productivity may be valued at RM2,000.

  4. Calculate the net benefits: Once all costs and benefits have been assigned a value, subtract the total cost from the total benefits to calculate the net benefits. If the net benefits are positive, then the benefits outweigh the costs, and investing in a higher-end computer may be worth it. If the net benefits are negative, then it may not be worth investing in a higher-end computer.

  5. Consider alternatives: If the net benefits of investing in a higher-end computer are negative, consider alternatives such as purchasing a lower-end computer or upgrading an existing computer. These alternatives may provide a better cost-benefit ratio.

By conducting a cost-benefit analysis, GIS students can make informed decisions when choosing a computer for their coursework. This analysis helps to weigh the potential benefits of investing in a higher-end computer against the costs associated with owning and maintaining the computer over time.

Here are some examples of cost-benefit analysis for purchasing a computer for GIS students:

Example 1: Costs

  • Initial purchase price: RM 4,000
  • Annual maintenance and repairs: RM 500
  • Upgrades every 2 years: RM 1,000

Benefits:

  • Improved productivity and performance: valued at RM 2,000

Net Benefits:

  • Total costs over 4 years: RM 6,500
  • Total benefits over 4 years: RM 2,000
  • Net benefits over 4 years: -RM 4,500

Based on this analysis, investing in a higher-end computer may not be worth it as the net benefits are negative.

Example 2: Costs

  • Initial purchase price: RM 2,000
  • Annual maintenance and repairs: RM 250
  • Upgrades every 3 years: RM 800

Benefits:

  • Improved productivity and performance: valued at RM 2,500

Net Benefits:

  • Total costs over 4 years: RM 3,350
  • Total benefits over 4 years: RM 2,500
  • Net benefits over 4 years: -RM 850

Based on this analysis, investing in a lower-end computer may be a better option as the net benefits are higher compared to Example 1.

Here are some additional examples of cost-benefit analysis for GIS students:

Example 3:  High-End Desktop Computer vs. Mid-Range Laptop

A GIS student is deciding between purchasing a high-end desktop computer or a mid-range laptop for their coursework. The high-end desktop computer costs RM6,000, while the mid-range laptop costs RM4,000. The student assigns a value of RM2,000 to the benefits of the high-end desktop computer, including improved performance and the ability to run more advanced GIS software. The student assigns a value of RM1,500 to the benefits of the mid-range laptop, including portability and convenience. The student calculates the net benefits of the high-end desktop computer by subtracting its cost from its benefits: RM2,000 – RM6,000 = -RM4,000. The net benefits of the mid-range laptop are calculated similarly: RM1,500 – RM4,000 = -RM2,500. Since both options have negative net benefits, the student may consider other alternatives, such as a lower-end desktop computer or a used laptop.

Example 4:  Upgrading vs. Purchasing a New Computer

A GIS student has an older computer that is beginning to slow down and is considering whether to upgrade their current computer or purchase a new one. The cost of upgrading the current computer is RM1,500, while the cost of purchasing a new computer is RM3,000. The student assigns a value of RM1,000 to the benefits of upgrading, including improved performance and the ability to run more advanced GIS software. The student assigns a value of RM2,000 to the benefits of purchasing a new computer, including improved performance, reliability, and a longer lifespan. The student calculates the net benefits of upgrading by subtracting its cost from its benefits: RM1,000 – RM1,500 = -RM500. The net benefits of purchasing a new computer are calculated similarly: RM2,000 – RM3,000 = -RM1,000. Since both options have negative net benefits, the student may consider alternatives such as a lower-end new computer or a refurbished computer.

Example 5: High-End Desktop Computer

A GIS student is considering purchasing a high-end desktop computer for RM8,000. The expected lifespan of the computer is five years. The cost of owning and maintaining the computer over five years is estimated to be RM3,000, including periodic upgrades and repairs. The benefits of the high-end computer include improved performance, increased productivity, and the ability to run more advanced GIS software. Based on market research, it is estimated that the higher-end computer will increase the student’s potential earnings by RM5,000 per year.

To conduct a cost-benefit analysis:

  1. Identify the costs: The cost of purchasing the computer is RM8,000, and the cost of owning and maintaining it over five years is estimated to be RM3,000.

  2. Identify the benefits: The benefits of investing in a higher-end computer include improved performance, increased productivity, and the ability to run more advanced GIS software. Based on market research, it is estimated that the higher-end computer will increase the student’s potential earnings by RM5,000 per year.

  3. Assign values: Assign a monetary value to each cost and benefit. The cost of purchasing the computer is RM8,000, and the cost of owning and maintaining it over five years is RM3,000. The benefits of investing in the computer are estimated to be RM5,000 per year, over five years the total benefit is RM25,000.

  4. Calculate the net benefits: Subtract the total cost of RM11,000 (RM8,000 + RM3,000) from the total benefits of RM25,000 to get a net benefit of RM14,000. Since the net benefit is positive, investing in the high-end computer is worth it.

  5. Consider alternatives: If the net benefit of investing in the high-end computer is negative, consider alternatives such as purchasing a lower-end computer or upgrading an existing computer. These alternatives may provide a better cost-benefit ratio.

By conducting a cost-benefit analysis, the GIS student can make an informed decision when choosing a computer for their coursework. This analysis helps to weigh the potential benefits of investing in a higher-end computer against the costs associated with owning and maintaining the computer over time.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Cost-Benefit Analysis: A Guide for GIS Students to Make Informed Computer Purchasing Decisions. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6318 (Accessed: 9 April 2023).
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Total Cost of Ownership Analysis: A Guide for GIS Students to Make Informed Computer Purchasing Decisions

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Conducting a Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) analysis is another important step when considering computer specifications for GIS students. This analysis helps to estimate the total cost of owning and maintaining a computer over a certain period of time, typically several years. Here are the steps to conduct a TCO analysis:

  1. Identify the costs: Similar to a cost-benefit analysis, the costs of owning a computer include the initial purchase price, as well as ongoing expenses such as maintenance, repairs, and upgrades. In addition, TCO analysis includes other costs such as software licenses, warranties, and energy consumption.

  2. Estimate the timeframe: Determine the timeframe for the TCO analysis. This may be the expected lifespan of the computer or a specific period of time, such as four years, which is the typical duration of a GIS student’s program.

  3. Calculate the initial purchase price: The initial purchase price includes the cost of the computer, as well as any necessary accessories such as a case, external hard drive, or monitor.

  4. Estimate ongoing expenses: Estimate ongoing expenses such as maintenance, repairs, and upgrades over the chosen timeframe. This can be done by researching the typical lifespan of each component of the computer, as well as the expected cost of repairs and upgrades.

  5. Include software licensing costs: GIS software can be expensive, so it’s important to include the cost of software licensing in the TCO analysis. Consider the cost of the necessary GIS software over the chosen timeframe.

  6. Include energy consumption costs: Energy consumption can also be a significant cost of owning a computer. Estimate the energy consumption of the computer and the associated costs based on the current energy rates in the area.

  7. Calculate the total cost: Add up all of the estimated costs over the chosen timeframe to calculate the total cost of ownership.

By conducting a TCO analysis, GIS students can make informed decisions when choosing a computer for their coursework. This analysis helps to estimate the total cost of owning and maintaining a computer over a certain period of time, taking into account all of the associated costs.

The examples without considering energy consumption and the cost of GIS software:

Example 1: Sara is a first-year GIS student at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. She is considering purchasing a laptop for her coursework. The laptop she is considering has an initial purchase price of RM 3,500, and she expects to use it for four years. She estimates that she will spend RM 1,000 on repairs and upgrades over the four-year period. By adding up all of these costs, Sara estimates that the total cost of ownership of the laptop will be RM 4,500 over the four-year period.

Example 2: Johan is also a first-year GIS student, but he is considering purchasing a desktop computer instead of a laptop. The desktop he is considering has an initial purchase price of RM 5,000, but he expects it to last for six years. He estimates that he will spend RM 1,500 on repairs and upgrades over the six-year period. By adding up all of these costs, Johan estimates that the total cost of ownership of the desktop computer will be RM 6,500 over the six-year period.

While these examples are simplified, they demonstrate how TCO analysis can help GIS students make informed decisions when purchasing a computer for their coursework. By taking into account the expected lifespan of the computer and the estimated cost of repairs and upgrades, students can make a more informed decision about which computer to purchase. Additionally, by including software licensing costs and energy consumption costs in the analysis, students can get a more complete picture of the true cost of ownership over the desired time frame.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Total Cost of Ownership Analysis: A Guide for GIS Students to Make Informed Computer Purchasing Decisions. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6316 (Accessed: 9 April 2023).
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Choosing the Right Computer Specifications for GIS Students: A Case Study of the Geoinformatics Program at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

The Geoinformatics program at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia is a four-year undergraduate program that prepares students for careers in geospatial technology, mapping, and surveying. As part of the program, students are required to use GIS software to analyze and visualize geospatial data, which requires a computer with adequate specifications to handle the demands of the software.

To ensure that their students are equipped with the appropriate technology, the Geoinformatics program at UTM has suggested minimum and recommended specifications for computers to be used by their students. The minimum specifications include at least 8GB of RAM, an Intel i5 processor, and a 2GB dedicated graphics card. However, the recommended specifications include at least 16GB of RAM, an Intel i7 or higher processor, and a 4GB dedicated graphics card.

While these specifications may seem high, they are necessary to ensure that students can complete their coursework effectively and efficiently. For example, running software such as ArcGIS can require a lot of memory and processing power, and a computer with inadequate specifications may cause delays or even crashes, resulting in lost work and frustration.

To help their students make informed decisions when choosing a computer, the Geoinformatics program at UTM has also provided guidance on cost-benefit analysis. They recommend that students consider the total cost of ownership, including both the initial purchase price and ongoing expenses such as maintenance, upgrades, and repairs, when making a decision.

Additionally, the program encourages students to consider the balance between performance and cost when choosing a computer. While a higher-end computer may provide better performance, it may come at a higher cost that may not be justifiable for a student on a tight budget. Therefore, students are advised to choose a computer that provides enough performance to meet their current and future needs without breaking the bank.

By providing clear guidelines and recommendations, the Geoinformatics program at UTM is ensuring that their students are equipped with the appropriate technology to succeed in their coursework and future careers. The program recognizes the importance of having a computer with adequate specifications to handle the demands of GIS software and is preparing their students for success in a rapidly evolving field.

In conclusion, the Geoinformatics program at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia provides a case study for how universities can guide their students in choosing the appropriate computer specifications for GIS coursework. By providing minimum and recommended specifications, as well as guidance on cost-benefit analysis, universities can ensure that their students are equipped with the appropriate technology to succeed in their coursework and future careers. As the field of GIS continues to evolve, it is important for universities to stay up to date with changes in technology and software requirements to ensure that their students remain competitive and prepared for the demands of the industry.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Choosing the Right Computer Specifications for GIS Students: A Case Study of the Geoinformatics Program at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6314 (Accessed: 9 April 2023).
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Choosing the Right Computer Specifications for GIS Students

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

As a first-year GIS student embarking on a four-year program, choosing a computer with specifications that will remain relevant throughout your studies and beyond is crucial. However, with the rapidly changing landscape of technology, it can be challenging to know what specifications to look for and how to balance immediate needs with long-term requirements. By considering the total cost of ownership and performing a cost-benefit analysis, you can make an informed decision that will serve you well throughout your program.

One approach to choosing a computer is to consider the minimum, recommended, and high-end specifications for GIS software that are expected to remain relevant throughout your program. For example, ESRI, the leading GIS software provider, recommends at least 8GB of RAM, a 64-bit processor, and a dedicated graphics card for running their ArcGIS software. However, more demanding tasks such as 3D visualization and analysis may require higher-end specifications, such as 16GB or more of RAM, a faster processor, and a more powerful graphics card.

It is important to consider the balance between performance and cost when choosing a computer. While a higher-end computer may provide better performance, it may come at a higher cost that may not be justifiable for a first-year student. Additionally, while some lower-priced computers may meet the minimum requirements for GIS software, they may not provide enough headroom for future requirements, resulting in the need for costly upgrades or replacements.

Another consideration when choosing a computer is the total cost of ownership, which includes not only the initial purchase price but also ongoing expenses such as maintenance, upgrades, and repairs. A lower-priced computer may appear to be more cost-effective initially, but if it requires frequent repairs or upgrades, the total cost of ownership may end up being higher than that of a higher-end computer with a longer lifespan. Therefore, it is important to factor in the potential costs of maintenance and upgrades when making a decision.

To help make an informed decision, it is also important to perform a cost-benefit analysis. Consider the potential benefits of a higher-end computer, such as the ability to complete GIS tasks more quickly and efficiently, compared to the cost of purchasing and maintaining that computer over its lifespan. While a higher-end computer may have a higher initial cost, it may provide greater value over the long run if it is more durable and requires less maintenance.

Ultimately, the decision of which computer to choose depends on individual needs and circumstances. For example, if you plan to use your computer primarily for coursework and do not anticipate needing to run highly demanding GIS tasks, a mid-range computer with specifications that meet the minimum requirements may be sufficient. However, if you plan to use your computer for fieldwork or expect to engage in highly demanding GIS tasks, investing in a higher-end computer may be a better long-term solution.

To ensure that your computer meets your needs throughout your program, it is also important to stay up to date with changes in technology and software requirements. For example, as GIS technology advances, new software may require more demanding specifications. Therefore, it is important to be prepared to upgrade or replace your computer as needed to ensure that it remains capable of handling the tasks required for your coursework and future career.

In conclusion, as a first-year GIS student, choosing the right computer is essential for success throughout your program and beyond. By considering the minimum, recommended, and high-end specifications for GIS software, balancing performance and cost, factoring in the total cost of ownership, and performing a cost-benefit analysis, you can make an informed decision that meets your needs while providing a long-term solution. Stay informed about changes in technology and software requirements to ensure that your computer remains capable of handling the tasks required for your coursework and future career.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Choosing the Right Computer Specifications for GIS Students. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6312 (Accessed: 9 April 2023).