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Free and Open Source Software: Empowering the Geospatial and GIS Industries

Free and open source software (FOSS) refers to software that is released under a license that grants the user the freedom to use, modify, and redistribute the software. FOSS emerged as a response to proprietary software that restricted users’ rights and access to the source code. The establishment of FOSS has had a profound impact on the software industry and has created a community of developers, users, and advocates who support its ideals.

The concept of FOSS originated in the 1980s with the Free Software Foundation (FSF), which was founded by Richard Stallman. The FSF advocated for the creation of software that could be freely shared and modified, and Stallman created the GNU Project, which aimed to create a complete free and open source operating system. The GNU Project produced many of the tools and utilities that are commonly used in FOSS today, such as the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) and the GNU C Library.

In the 1990s, the rise of the internet and the World Wide Web enabled the spread of FOSS and the development of new FOSS projects. One of the most significant of these projects was the Linux kernel, which was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991. The Linux kernel, combined with GNU tools and utilities, created a free and open source operating system that was capable of running on a wide range of hardware.

The establishment of FOSS has created a community of developers, users, and advocates who support its ideals. FOSS developers contribute code to projects, fix bugs, and help support users. FOSS users can download and use software for free, and they also have the freedom to modify and redistribute the software. FOSS advocates promote the use of FOSS and its ideals of openness, collaboration, and community.

FOSS has had a significant impact on the geospatial and GIS industries. Geospatial data and GIS software are critical components of many industries, including environmental management, urban planning, transportation, and emergency management. FOSS has enabled the development of many powerful geospatial tools, such as QGIS, GRASS GIS, and OpenLayers, which are used by geospatial professionals around the world.

FOSS has also created opportunities for collaboration and innovation in the geospatial industry. FOSS projects are often developed by a community of contributors who share a common goal, and this collaboration can lead to the development of new features and tools that are not possible with proprietary software. FOSS also enables customization and integration with other tools, which can lead to greater efficiency and productivity for geospatial professionals.

One of the most significant examples of FOSS in the geospatial industry is OpenStreetMap (OSM). OSM is a collaborative mapping project that aims to create a free and open source map of the world. OSM has been developed by a community of contributors who collect and edit geospatial data from around the world. OSM data is used by many organizations and individuals, including governments, non-profits, and businesses, to create maps and support decision-making.

FOSS has also created opportunities for education and training in the geospatial industry. Many FOSS projects have active communities that provide support and resources for users, including documentation, tutorials, and training materials. FOSS also enables access to software and tools for individuals and organizations that may not have the resources to invest in proprietary software.

FOSS has had a significant impact on the software industry and has created a community of developers, users, and advocates who support its ideals. FOSS has enabled the development of many powerful geospatial tools and has created opportunities for collaboration, innovation, and education in the geospatial industry. As the use of geospatial data and GIS software continues to grow, FOSS will continue to play a vital role in the industry by enabling access to affordable and customizable software solutions.

However, FOSS also faces challenges and limitations. One of the biggest challenges is funding and sustainability. Many FOSS projects are developed by volunteers, and maintaining and updating software can be time-consuming and costly. Some FOSS projects have struggled to secure funding and have faced issues with sustainability. The FOSS community is constantly exploring new models for funding and sustainability, such as crowdfunding, donations, and grants.

Another challenge for FOSS is compatibility and interoperability with proprietary software. While FOSS enables customization and integration, some proprietary software vendors may not support interoperability with FOSS, which can limit the functionality and capabilities of FOSS in certain contexts. Additionally, FOSS may not always meet the specific needs of certain industries or users, which may require proprietary solutions.

Despite these challenges, FOSS continues to thrive and evolve, driven by a community of developers, users, and advocates who are committed to its ideals. FOSS has transformed the software industry and created new opportunities for collaboration, innovation, and education in the geospatial and GIS industries. As the use of geospatial data and GIS software continues to grow, FOSS will continue to play a critical role in enabling access to affordable and customizable software solutions.

References:

  1. Free Software Foundation. (n.d.). What is Free Software? Retrieved from https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.en.html

  2. The Linux Foundation. (n.d.). The History of Linux. Retrieved from https://www.linuxfoundation.org/resources/linux-history/

  3. OSM Wiki. (n.d.). About OpenStreetMap. Retrieved from https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/About_OpenStreetMap

  4. QGIS. (n.d.). What is QGIS? Retrieved from https://www.qgis.org/en/site/about/index.html

  5. OpenLayers. (n.d.). What is OpenLayers? Retrieved from https://openlayers.org/about.html

  6. Geospatial World. (2021). The role of open source in geospatial technology. Retrieved from https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs/the-role-of-open-source-in-geospatial-technology/

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Free and Open Source Software: Empowering the Geospatial and GIS Industries. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6381 (Accessed: 10 May 2023).
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A Review of Types of GIS Software Systems

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Abstract

Geographic Information System (GIS) software is an essential tool that enables the processing, analysis, and visualization of geographic data. This article aims to provide a thorough review of various types of GIS software systems, which include desktop GIS, server GIS, developer GIS, mobile GIS, raster-based GIS software system, computer-aided design (CAD)-based GIS, GIS middleware, and open-source and free software.

Introduction

The ubiquity of spatial data has propelled the importance of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in recent years. GIS allows users to capture, store, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographic information across various domains, such as urban planning, natural resource management, and disaster response (Longley, Goodchild, Maguire, & Rhind, 2015). There are several types of GIS software systems, each with unique characteristics and applications. This article provides a comprehensive overview of these different types, highlighting their features and relevance in modern GIS practice.

Desktop GIS

Desktop GIS refers to standalone software that runs on personal computers and is primarily used for data creation, editing, and visualization purposes (Heywood, Cornelius, & Carver, 2011). Some popular desktop GIS software includes ArcGIS, QGIS, and MapInfo Professional. Desktop GIS software generally offers a user-friendly interface, allowing users to perform spatial analysis, query data, create maps, and generate reports. These tools can handle small to medium-sized datasets and are ideal for individual researchers or small organizations (Longley et al., 2015).

Server GIS

Server GIS software allows multiple users to access, manipulate, and share spatial data in real-time through web services or cloud-based platforms (Peng & Tsou, 2003). This type of software is designed for organizations that need to manage large volumes of data and require collaboration between multiple users simultaneously. Examples of server GIS include ArcGIS Server, GeoServer, and MapServer. By centralizing data storage and processing, server GIS reduces redundancy and ensures that users have access to the most up-to-date information (Heywood et al., 2011).

Developer GIS

Developer GIS comprises libraries, tools, and Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) that enable software developers to create custom GIS applications for diverse user groups (Longley et al., 2015). These tools can integrate GIS functionality into existing applications or develop entirely new ones tailored to specific needs. Popular developer GIS software includes ESRI’s ArcObjects, Google Maps API, and Leaflet.js. By leveraging these tools, developers can create specialized solutions for unique spatial problems across various industries.

Mobile GIS

Mobile GIS refers to GIS software designed for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets (Tsou, 2004). This category of GIS software allows users to collect, edit, and analyze geographic data in real-time while in the field. Examples of mobile GIS applications include ArcGIS Collector, QField, and Locus Map. Mobile GIS software takes advantage of GPS technology to provide location-based services, enabling users to track assets, navigate using digital maps, and conduct field surveys efficiently (Tsou, 2004).

Other Types of GIS Software Systems

Raster-Based GIS Software System: Raster-based GIS focuses on representing continuous geographic features through grid cells or pixels, with each cell assigned a particular value (Foody, 2002). This type of GIS software is particularly useful for analyzing and modeling environmental data, such as elevation, land use, and vegetation. Examples include ERDAS IMAGINE, IDRISI, and GRASS GIS.

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) – Based GIS: CAD-based GIS integrates GIS functionality with traditional CAD systems, allowing users to create and manipulate spatial data in a familiar design environment (Karimi & Akinci, 1997). Examples of CAD-based GIS software include AutoCAD Map 3D, Bentley Map, and MicroStation GeoGraphics.

GIS Middleware (Middle Tier): GIS middleware serves as an intermediary between GIS applications and databases, facilitating communication and data exchange between different systems (Plewe, 1997). This type of software includes Esri’s ArcSDE, Oracle Spatial, and PostGIS.

Open-Source and Free Software: Open-source GIS software is developed by communities of developers who collaborate to create free, publicly available tools (Steiniger & Bocher, 2009). These solutions offer an affordable alternative to proprietary software, with popular examples including QGIS, GRASS GIS, and gvSIG.

Discussion

The diverse array of GIS software systems reflects the growing demand for sophisticated spatial analysis tools across various sectors. Each type of GIS software serves specific purposes, catering to the unique requirements of different user groups. Desktop GIS remains a popular choice for individual researchers and small organizations due to its ease of use and relatively low cost. In contrast, server GIS offers robust data management capabilities that support large-scale collaborative efforts, making it an ideal choice for organizations handling vast amounts of spatial data.

Meanwhile, developer GIS empowers software developers to build custom applications tailored to specific industry needs, fostering innovation in the field of GIS. Mobile GIS enhances fieldwork efficiency by enabling real-time data collection and analysis on-site, streamlining workflows and improving decision-making processes. Specialized GIS software systems, such as raster-based GIS and CAD-based GIS, address particular spatial problem domains by offering specialized tools and techniques tailored to those contexts.

Open-source and free software options provide accessible alternatives to commercial GIS solutions, encouraging the democratization of spatial data analysis and promoting knowledge sharing within the GIS community. The availability of various types of GIS software ensures that users can select the most appropriate tools for their specific needs, maximizing the potential benefits of incorporating GIS into their workflows.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the landscape of GIS software systems is vast and varied, with each type catering to distinct user needs and requirements. Understanding the differences between these various systems is crucial for selecting the most suitable tools for a given context. The ongoing development and evolution of GIS software will undoubtedly continue to shape the way we approach spatial data analysis and visualization, empowering users to make informed decisions and derive valuable insights from geographic information.

References

Foody, G. M. (2002). Status of land cover classification accuracy assessment. Remote Sensing of Environment, 80(1), 185-201.

Heywood, I., Cornelius, S., & Carver, S. (2011). An introduction to Geographical Information Systems (4th ed.). Pearson.

Karimi, H. A., & Akinci, B. (1997). Integration of CAD and GIS: A study on data exchange. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling (Vol. 2, pp. 68-77).

Longley, P. A., Goodchild, M. F., Maguire, D. J., & Rhind, D. W. (2015). Geographic Information Science and Systems (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

Peng, Z.-R., & Tsou, M.-H. (2003). Internet GIS: Distributed Geographic Information Services for the Internet and wireless networks. John Wiley & Sons.

Plewe, B. (1997). GIS online: Information retrieval, mapping, and the Internet. OnWord Press.

Steiniger, S., & Bocher, E. (2009). An overview of current free and open source desktop GIS developments. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 23(10), 1345-1370.

Tsou, M. H. (2004). Integrated mobile GIS and wireless internet map servers for environmental monitoring and management. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 31(3), 153-165.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). A Review of Types of GIS Software Systems. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6377 (Accessed: 18 April 2023).
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Approaches in Developing GIS Software

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Abstract

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have become indispensable tools to a wide array of fields, including environmental management, urban planning, and public health. As the demand for GIS continues to grow, so does the need for innovative GIS software. This article examines four distinct approaches to GIS software development, ranging from writing code without help from existing GIS software to integrating GIS functions through loose and tight coupling methods.

Introduction

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are powerful computer-based tools that allow users to collect, store, analyze, and manipulate geographic data. The proliferation and advancement of GIS have been instrumental in resolving complex spatial problems across various disciplines (Heywood, Cornelius & Carver, 2011). To cater to the diverse needs of different domains, numerous approaches to GIS software development have been devised. The following sections delve into four prominent approaches: (1) writing code without help from existing GIS software; (2) customizing existing GIS software; (3) creating new functions using GIS macros/scripts; (4) loosely and tightly coupled integration.

Approach 1 – Write Your Own Code Without Help From Existing GIS Software

Developing GIS software from scratch entails a significant amount of time, effort, and technical expertise (Burrough & McDonnell, 1998). However, this approach allows developers to create tailor-made solutions specific to a particular problem or user group, thereby ensuring optimal performance and seamless compatibility with other systems (Longley et al., 2015). Furthermore, designing GIS software from the ground up facilitates the incorporation of novel algorithms, techniques, and data structures that may not be present in pre-existing software (Worboys & Duckham, 2004).

Despite its advantages, writing code without utilizing existing GIS software presents several challenges. First, it requires a deep understanding of geospatial concepts, data formats, and programming languages (Chang, 2016). Second, the development process can be time-consuming and resource-intensive, particularly for small organizations or individual developers. Finally, this approach may result in a lack of standardization and interoperability with other GIS software, potentially limiting its usability across different platforms (Goodchild, 1992).

Approach 2 – Customizing Existing GIS Software

Customizing existing GIS software involves modifying and extending the functionality of commercial or open-source GIS platforms to suit specific requirements (Steiniger & Bocher, 2009). This approach benefits from the extensive features, documentation, and user communities associated with popular GIS platforms, such as ArcGIS, QGIS, and GRASS GIS. Consequently, customization reduces development time and costs compared to building software from scratch.

Examples of customization include developing plugins or extensions that add new tools or capabilities to the core software or creating custom scripts that automate routine tasks (Tomlinson, 2013). Although customization generally offers greater flexibility than using off-the-shelf software, it is inevitably constrained by the underlying architecture and design of the original platform (Heywood et al., 2011).

Approach 3 – Creating New Functions Using GIS Macro/Scripts

This approach enables developers to create new functionalities for existing GIS software by leveraging macros or scripting languages (e.g., Python, R, or JavaScript) (Chang, 2016). Macros/scripts are relatively easy to learn and implement, making them an attractive option for developers with limited programming experience (Longley et al., 2015). In addition, macros/scripts facilitate rapid prototyping and testing of new functions, thereby expediting the development process.

However, relying solely on macros/scripts may restrict access to lower-level system functions and data structures, potentially limiting the performance and sophistication of newly developed tools (Worboys & Duckham, 2004). Furthermore, compatibility issues may arise when attempting to share macros/scripts across different software platforms or versions (Steiniger & Bocher, 2009).

Approach 4 – Loosely and Tightly Coupled Integration

Loose coupling and tight coupling are two distinct methods for integrating GIS functions with other software systems. Loose coupling facilitates modularity and flexibility by connecting separate software components through well-defined interfaces such as web services or APIs (Goodchild, Fu & Rich, 2007), thereby allowing developers to interchange components without affecting overall system function (Chang, 2016). This approach is particularly advantageous for projects necessitating interoperability between multiple systems, as it enables data and functionality exchange via standardized interfaces (Bian, 2012). However, loose coupling may not always yield optimal performance and seamless integration, potentially leading to slower execution times and user interface inconsistencies (Xiao et al., 2008).

Conversely, tight coupling involves embedding GIS functions directly within another software application, creating a close interdependence between the systems (Longley et al., 2015). While this method may result in improved performance and tighter integration, it also introduces complexity and potential maintenance issues, especially when upgrading or modifying individual components (Heywood et al., 2011). Tight coupling is well-suited for projects demanding a customized and highly performant solution where GIS functionality plays a central role in the software’s purpose (Tomlinson, 2013). Nevertheless, the increased complexity and maintenance challenges that come with tight coupling require careful consideration of component interdependencies during system upgrades or modifications (Worboys & Duckham, 2004).

Discussion

The four approaches to GIS software development discussed in this article offer different levels of flexibility, complexity, and customization. Each approach has distinct advantages and disadvantages that must be carefully weighed according to the specific needs and resources of the project at hand.

Approach 1 (writing code without existing GIS software) offers the highest degree of customization but also entails a substantial investment of time, expertise, and resources. This approach may be suitable for projects requiring highly specialized solutions or those seeking to incorporate novel algorithms or techniques not available in existing software.

Approach 2 (customizing existing GIS software) provides a more efficient and cost-effective method for tailoring GIS platforms to specific requirements. This approach benefits from the existing features, documentation, and user communities of popular GIS software. However, it is inherently constrained by the design and architecture of the underlying platform, limiting customization potential compared to Approach 1.

Approach 3 (creating new functions using macros/scripts) offers a rapid and accessible means for extending GIS functionality with limited programming experience required. While this approach is well-suited for prototyping and testing new functions, it may restrict access to lower-level system functions and data structures, thus limiting performance and sophistication.

Approach 4 (loosely and tightly coupled integration) focuses on integrating GIS functions with other software systems. Loose coupling emphasizes modularity and interoperability, making it ideal for projects involving multiple systems. On the other hand, tight coupling provides closer integration and improved performance at the expense of increased complexity and maintenance challenges.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the choice of GIS software development approach largely depends on the objectives, resources, and constraints of the project. Developers must carefully assess the desired level of customization, integration, and performance against the required time, expertise, and resource commitments. As the demand for GIS continues to expand across numerous fields, understanding these various approaches can help ensure the successful development and implementation of innovative GIS software tailored to address the diverse and evolving needs of different domains. Future research in this area would benefit from case studies and comparative analyses of these approaches to further elucidate their relative strengths and weaknesses, as well as exploring emerging trends and techniques in GIS software development.

References

Bian, L. (2012). Spatial Approaches to Modeling Dispersion in Network Space. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 102(5), 998-1006.

Burrough, P. A., & McDonnell, R. A. (1998). Principles of Geographic Information Systems. Oxford University Press.

Chang, K. T. (2016). Introduction to Geographic Information Systems. McGraw-Hill Education.

Goodchild, M. F. (1992). Geographical information science. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 6(1), 31-45.

Goodchild, M. F., Fu, P., & Rich, P. (2007). Sharing geographic information: An assessment of the geospatial one-stop. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 97(2), 250-266.

Heywood, I., Cornelius, S., & Carver, S. (2011). An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems. Pearson Education Limited.

Longley, P. A., Goodchild, M. F., Maguire, D. J., & Rhind, D. W. (2015). Geographic Information Science and Systems. John Wiley & Sons.

Steiniger, S., & Bocher, E. (2009). An overview on current free and open source desktop GIS developments. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 23(10), 1345-1370.

Tomlinson, R. (2013). Thinking About GIS: Geographic Information System Planning for Managers. ESRI Press.

Worboys, M., & Duckham, M. (2004). GIS: A Computing Perspective. CRC Press.

Xiao, N., Kwan, M. P., Lin, H., & Wang, D. (2008). Integration of GIS and visualization for the development of a spatial decision support system. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 35(1), 29-45.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Approaches in Developing GIS Software. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6370 (Accessed: 15 April 2023).
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Selecting the Right GIS Software Vendor: Key Questions to Ask When Evaluating Solutions

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Geographic Information System (GIS) software is an essential tool for managing and analyzing geographic data in many industries, including government, utilities, natural resource management, and transportation. Selecting the right GIS software vendor and solution for your organization can be a daunting task, given the wide range of features, capabilities, and pricing options available in the market. In this article, we will discuss the key questions you should ask when evaluating GIS software vendors to ensure that you select a solution that meets your organization’s specific needs.

  1. What are the features and capabilities of your GIS software?

The first and most important question to ask a GIS software vendor is what features and capabilities are included in their solution. GIS software can vary widely in terms of functionality, ranging from basic mapping tools to advanced spatial analysis and modeling. Depending on your organization’s needs, you may require features such as data visualization, spatial querying, geocoding, network analysis, or 3D modeling. Additionally, some GIS software may offer specialized capabilities for specific industries, such as hydrological modeling for water resource management or pipeline routing for oil and gas. By understanding the features and capabilities of a GIS software solution, you can determine whether it is a good fit for your organization’s needs.

  1. What are the pricing options for your GIS software and what is included in each option?

Pricing is another critical factor to consider when evaluating GIS software vendors. GIS software pricing can vary widely, depending on the features, licensing model, and support options offered. Some vendors may offer subscription-based pricing, which includes regular updates and technical support, while others may offer perpetual licensing with optional support plans. Additionally, some GIS software may require additional modules or plugins to access advanced features, which can add to the overall cost. By understanding the pricing options for a GIS software solution, you can determine whether it is a good fit for your organization’s budget.

  1. What technical support options are available and what is the process for accessing support?

Technical support is an essential consideration when selecting a GIS software vendor, as even the most robust software can encounter issues or require assistance from time to time. Some vendors may offer 24/7 technical support via phone, email, or online chat, while others may offer support during standard business hours only. Additionally, some vendors may offer different tiers of support, ranging from basic troubleshooting to dedicated account management. By understanding the technical support options and process for accessing support, you can ensure that you have the resources and assistance you need to maximize the value of your GIS software investment.

  1. Can the GIS software be customized to meet the specific needs of my organization?

Customizability is another important consideration when evaluating GIS software vendors, as every organization has unique requirements and workflows. Some GIS software may offer built-in customization options, such as scripting or API integrations, while others may require additional development resources to modify or extend the software. Additionally, some vendors may offer consulting or development services to help tailor the software to your organization’s specific needs. By understanding the customizability options for a GIS software solution, you can ensure that it can be adapted to your organization’s unique requirements.

  1. What security measures are in place to protect my organization’s geographic data?

Security is a critical concern for any organization that manages sensitive data, including geographic data. GIS software vendors should be able to provide information about their security measures, such as encryption, access controls, and data backups. Additionally, some vendors may offer compliance certifications, such as ISO 27001 or SOC 2, to demonstrate their commitment to data security. By understanding the security measures in place for a GIS software solution, you can ensure that your organization’s data is protected from unauthorized access or loss.

  1. Is the GIS software compatible with other software applications that my organization uses?

Integration with other software applications is another important consideration when selecting a GIS software vendor, as many organizations use multiple software tools to manage their operations. GIS software should be able to integrate with other software applications, such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, customer relationship management (CRM) software, or business intelligence (BI) tools. Additionally, some GIS software may offer connectors or APIs to enable seamless data exchange between different software applications. By understanding the compatibility options for a GIS software solution, you can ensure that it can be integrated with your organization’s existing software ecosystem.

  1. What is your company’s experience in the GIS industry and can you provide references from other clients?

Experience and reputation are important factors to consider when selecting a GIS software vendor, as they can provide insight into the vendor’s track record of delivering high-quality solutions and supporting their clients. GIS software vendors should be able to provide information about their experience in the industry, including their history, customer base, and areas of expertise. Additionally, they should be able to provide references from other clients who have used their software and services. By understanding the vendor’s experience and reputation, you can ensure that you are working with a trusted and reliable partner.

  1. What training and education resources are available for users of the GIS software?

Training and education are essential for maximizing the value of a GIS software investment, as they can help users understand the software’s capabilities and how to use it effectively. GIS software vendors should be able to provide information about their training and education resources, such as online tutorials, documentation, or instructor-led courses. Additionally, some vendors may offer certification programs to demonstrate proficiency in their software. By understanding the training and education resources available for a GIS software solution, you can ensure that your organization’s users have the knowledge and skills needed to use the software effectively.

  1. What is the roadmap for future development of the GIS software and how will my organization benefit from it?

The roadmap for future development is another important consideration when selecting a GIS software vendor, as it can provide insight into the vendor’s vision for the software and its potential future capabilities. GIS software vendors should be able to provide information about their development plans, including upcoming features and enhancements, as well as how they will benefit their clients. Additionally, they should be able to provide a timeline for the release of new features and updates. By understanding the vendor’s roadmap for future development, you can ensure that the GIS software solution you select will continue to meet your organization’s evolving needs.

  1. What are the system requirements for running the GIS software and how will it integrate with my organization’s existing IT infrastructure?

System requirements and integration with existing IT infrastructure are important considerations when selecting a GIS software vendor, as they can impact the software’s performance and compatibility with other systems. GIS software vendors should be able to provide information about the system requirements for running their software, including hardware, operating system, and database requirements. Additionally, they should be able to provide information about how the software will integrate with your organization’s existing IT infrastructure, such as network configuration or database integration. By understanding the system requirements and integration options for a GIS software solution, you can ensure that it will run effectively and efficiently in your organization’s environment.

Conclusion

Selecting the right GIS software vendor and solution for your organization can be a complex and challenging process. By asking the right questions about features, pricing, technical support, customizability, security, compatibility, experience, training, development roadmap, and system requirements, you can ensure that you make an informed decision that meets your organization’s specific needs. Additionally, it is important to evaluate multiple GIS software vendors and solutions, and to take the time to compare and contrast their offerings before making a final selection. With the right due diligence and research, you can find a GIS software solution that helps your organization manage and analyze geographic data effectively and efficiently, enabling better decision-making and driving business value.

It is also important to note that GIS software is not a one-size-fits-all solution, and different organizations will have different needs and priorities. Therefore, it is critical to evaluate GIS software vendors and solutions in the context of your organization’s unique requirements and objectives. This may involve conducting a needs assessment, identifying key use cases and workflows, and involving stakeholders from different departments and levels of the organization in the selection process.

Ultimately, selecting the right GIS software vendor and solution requires a comprehensive and strategic approach, as well as a willingness to invest the time and resources necessary to make an informed decision. By asking the right questions and conducting thorough research, you can ensure that you select a GIS software solution that meets your organization’s specific needs and helps you achieve your goals.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Selecting the Right GIS Software Vendor: Key Questions to Ask When Evaluating Solutions. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6330 (Accessed: 11 April 2023).
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Exploring the Potential of Futuristic GIS Software Systems

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

As GIS software systems continue to evolve, there are several futuristic ideas that are being explored and developed. These advancements have the potential to transform the way we interact with and visualize geospatial data. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) GIS would allow users to interact with geospatial data in immersive environments, while Artificial Intelligence (AI) Assisted Mapping could significantly enhance the efficiency and accuracy of mapping. Integration with Blockchain technology could also provide a more secure and transparent way of managing geospatial data, while predictive analytics using machine learning algorithms could provide insights into future events and patterns based on geospatial data. In this article, we will explore these futuristic ideas in greater detail and discuss their potential applications.

  1. Augmented Reality (AR) GIS

    AR GIS has the potential to revolutionize the way we interact with geospatial data. By overlaying digital information onto the physical world, AR GIS could allow users to explore and interact with geospatial data in a more intuitive and immersive way. For example, AR GIS could be used to visualize underground infrastructure, such as pipes and cables, in real-time as users walk through a city. This could help to improve infrastructure maintenance and planning.

    Additionally, AR GIS could be used in the field of architecture and urban planning to visualize proposed building designs and infrastructure developments in the context of the existing built environment. This would enable planners and architects to identify potential issues and make more informed decisions about the design and placement of buildings.

    AR GIS could also have applications in emergency response situations. For example, during a natural disaster, emergency responders could use AR GIS to overlay real-time information about the disaster onto the physical environment, allowing them to more effectively coordinate their response efforts.

    There are already some examples of AR GIS in use. One such example is the CityScope project, developed by researchers at the MIT Media Lab. CityScope uses augmented reality technology to create interactive urban models, allowing users to explore and experiment with different urban planning scenarios.

    As the technology for AR GIS continues to evolve, we can expect to see more widespread adoption of this technology in a range of applications, from urban planning and infrastructure management to emergency response and public safety. However, there are still some challenges to overcome, such as the need for accurate geospatial data and the development of user-friendly interfaces that allow for intuitive interaction with AR GIS.

  2. Virtual Reality (VR) GIS

    VR GIS has similar potential to AR GIS, but with the added benefit of allowing users to explore geospatial data in a completely virtual environment. This could be particularly useful for applications such as urban planning, where users could explore proposed developments in a detailed and immersive way before they are built. Additionally, VR GIS could be used for training purposes, such as simulating emergency response scenarios.

    One potential application for VR GIS is in the field of environmental modeling. For example, researchers could use VR GIS to model the impacts of climate change on a particular ecosystem, allowing them to better understand and predict how the ecosystem might change over time. VR GIS could also be used in the field of archaeology, allowing researchers to virtually explore and study ancient sites and artifacts in a way that is not possible with traditional methods.

    There are already some examples of VR GIS being used in a range of applications. For example, researchers at the University of Southern California have developed a VR GIS system called WorldBuild, which allows users to create and explore virtual urban environments. Another example is the Virtual Planetary Laboratory, a project led by NASA’s Ames Research Center that uses VR GIS to model planetary environments.

    As with AR GIS, there are still some challenges to overcome with VR GIS, such as the need for high-quality geospatial data and the development of user-friendly interfaces that allow for intuitive interaction with virtual environments. However, as the technology continues to improve, we can expect to see more widespread adoption of VR GIS in a range of applications.

  3. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Assisted Mapping

    AI-assisted mapping has the potential to improve the efficiency and accuracy of mapping. By automatically identifying features and patterns in geospatial data, AI could help to reduce the time and resources needed for manual mapping. For example, AI could be used to automatically identify and map changes in land use over time, which could be useful for tracking changes in urbanization and agriculture.

    Another example of AI-assisted mapping is the identification of building footprints in satellite imagery. This process can be time-consuming and tedious for human analysts, but can be done quickly and accurately with the help of AI algorithms. This could be particularly useful for disaster response, where rapidly updated maps of affected areas can be crucial for relief efforts.

    Furthermore, AI can also be used to detect anomalies or errors in mapping data. For instance, an algorithm can be trained to identify missing or inaccurate data, which can then be flagged for human review. This can help to ensure the accuracy and completeness of mapping data, which is essential for many applications, such as land management and urban planning.

    AI-assisted mapping can also help to improve the accessibility of geospatial data. With the increasing availability of satellite imagery and other geospatial data sources, there is a growing need for automated processing tools that can quickly analyze and interpret this data. AI algorithms can help to make sense of this data and present it in a way that is easy to understand for non-experts. This could be particularly useful for applications such as environmental monitoring, where large amounts of data need to be analyzed to identify trends and patterns.

  4. Integration with Blockchain Technology

    Blockchain technology could be used to provide secure and transparent management of geospatial data. This could be particularly useful for applications such as land management and property rights, where secure and accurate record-keeping is essential. For example, blockchain technology could be used to create a secure and tamper-proof record of property ownership, which could help to prevent disputes and fraud.

    In addition to land management and property rights, blockchain technology could also be used for other geospatial data applications such as supply chain management and environmental monitoring. By providing a secure and transparent record of transactions and data, blockchain technology could help to improve the traceability and accountability of these processes. For example, blockchain could be used to track the movement of goods and materials throughout a supply chain, allowing for greater transparency and accountability.

    Moreover, the integration of blockchain technology with GIS software systems could also enable the development of decentralized geospatial applications. These applications would be built on blockchain platforms and would allow users to share and access geospatial data in a secure and decentralized manner. This could help to address issues related to data ownership, privacy, and accessibility, which are often challenges in traditional centralized systems.

  5. Predictive Analytics

    Predictive analytics could be used to make predictions about future events or patterns based on geospatial data. This could have applications in a range of industries, such as urban planning, environmental modeling, and risk assessment. For example, predictive analytics could be used to forecast the impacts of climate change on coastal cities, or to predict the likelihood of landslides in mountainous areas.

    Predictive analytics in GIS software systems could also help to improve decision-making processes. By using machine learning algorithms to analyze geospatial data, predictive analytics could provide insights into trends and patterns that may not be immediately apparent to humans. This could be particularly useful for applications such as emergency response planning, where decisions need to be made quickly based on incomplete or rapidly changing data. For example, predictive analytics could be used to forecast the path of a wildfire or to predict the impact of a natural disaster on a specific area.

    In addition, predictive analytics could also be used to optimize resource allocation and planning. For instance, in the field of transportation planning, predictive analytics could be used to forecast traffic patterns and optimize the deployment of resources such as buses or ambulances. In agriculture, predictive analytics could be used to forecast crop yields and optimize the use of fertilizers and pesticides.

Overall, these futuristic ideas for GIS software systems have the potential to revolutionize the way we interact with and manage geospatial data. While some of these technologies are still in the early stages of development, it is clear that they will continue to shape the future of GIS.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Exploring the Potential of Futuristic GIS Software Systems. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6282 (Accessed: 8 April 2023).
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Recent Advancements in GIS Software Systems

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

In recent years, Geographic Information System (GIS) software systems have undergone significant advancements, revolutionizing the way we collect, store, analyze, and visualize geospatial data. One of the most significant advancements has been the emergence of cloud-based GIS software systems, which allow for more flexible and scalable management of large datasets. These advancements have the potential to transform the way we approach a range of applications, from urban planning to emergency response. In this article, we will discuss these advancements in greater detail and explore their potential applications.

  1. Cloud-based GIS Software

Cloud-based GIS software systems have become increasingly popular in recent years, providing users with a flexible and scalable solution for managing and analyzing large datasets. One of the most well-known cloud-based GIS software systems is ArcGIS Online, which allows users to access a wide range of geospatial data and analysis tools through a web-based interface. With ArcGIS Online, users can easily share maps and data with others, collaborate on projects, and access geospatial data from anywhere with an internet connection. Other cloud-based GIS software systems include Google Maps API, Amazon Web Services (AWS) GIS, and Microsoft Azure Maps.

  1. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)

AI and ML are being integrated into GIS software systems to automate data analysis, identify patterns, and make predictions based on geospatial data. For example, Esri has developed a deep learning framework called Deep Learning Toolkit for ArcGIS, which allows users to create and train deep learning models using geospatial data. These models can be used to detect and classify features in satellite imagery, such as buildings, roads, and vegetation. AI and ML can also be used to analyze large datasets of geospatial data, identifying patterns and trends that would be difficult or impossible to identify manually.

  1. Real-time Data Visualization

Real-time data visualization tools are being developed to display geospatial data in real-time, allowing users to monitor and respond to events as they happen. For example, the Esri ArcGIS GeoEvent Server allows users to monitor real-time data streams from sensors and other IoT devices, such as traffic cameras and weather stations. This data can be visualized in real-time on a map, allowing users to quickly identify and respond to events such as traffic accidents, weather emergencies, and wildfires.

  1. Mobile GIS

Mobile GIS software systems are becoming more powerful and user-friendly, allowing users to collect, edit, and analyze geospatial data in the field using their mobile devices. For example, the Esri ArcGIS Field Maps app allows users to collect data in the field using their mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets. This data can be synced with the user’s ArcGIS Online account, allowing them to access and analyze the data from anywhere. Mobile GIS is particularly useful in applications such as disaster response, wildlife management, and asset management.

  1. 3D Visualization

3D visualization tools are being integrated into GIS software systems, allowing users to create and display 3D models of geospatial data. For example, the Esri ArcGIS CityEngine software allows users to create 3D models of cities and other urban areas. These models can be used for urban planning, architecture, and engineering applications. 3D visualization is also useful in applications such as environmental modeling, where 3D models can be used to visualize and analyze complex environmental data.

  1. Integration with Internet of Things (IoT)

GIS software systems are being integrated with IoT devices to provide real-time monitoring and analysis of geospatial data from sensors and other connected devices. For example, the Esri ArcGIS GeoEvent Server allows users to monitor real-time data streams from sensors and other IoT devices, such as traffic cameras and weather stations. This data can be analyzed and visualized in real-time, allowing users to quickly respond to events as they happen.

  1. Open Source GIS Software

Open source GIS software systems are becoming increasingly popular, providing users with a more flexible and cost-effective alternative to proprietary GIS software systems. Examples of popular open source GIS software systems include QGIS, GRASS GIS, and GeoServer. These software systems provide users with a wide range of geospatial data management and analysis tools, as well as the ability to customize and extend the software through programming and scripting.

  1. Increased Collaboration and Sharing

GIS software systems are increasingly being designed with collaboration and sharing in mind, allowing users to easily share maps, data, and analysis results with others. For example, the Esri ArcGIS Online platform allows users to share maps and data with others, collaborate on projects, and access geospatial data from anywhere with an internet connection. Collaboration and sharing are particularly important in applications such as disaster response, where multiple organizations may need to work together to respond to an emergency.

  1. Real-time Spatial Analysis

GIS software systems are being developed to allow real-time spatial analysis of geospatial data. This is particularly important in applications such as transportation management and emergency response, where decisions need to be made quickly based on real-time data. For example, the Esri ArcGIS GeoAnalytics Server allows users to perform real-time spatial analysis on large datasets of geospatial data, such as traffic patterns or weather data.

  1. User-friendly Interfaces

GIS software systems are becoming more user-friendly, with intuitive interfaces that allow users to easily access and analyze geospatial data. For example, the Esri ArcGIS Pro software provides users with an intuitive interface for managing and analyzing geospatial data. This interface allows users to easily create maps, perform spatial analysis, and share their results with others.

In conclusion, there have been several advancements in GIS software systems in recent years, including cloud-based GIS software, AI and ML integration, real-time data visualization, mobile GIS, 3D visualization, integration with IoT, open source GIS software, increased collaboration and sharing, real-time spatial analysis, and user-friendly interfaces. These advancements have made it easier and more efficient to manage and analyze geospatial data, and have opened up new possibilities for applications such as disaster response, urban planning, and environmental modeling.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Recent Advancements in GIS Software Systems. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6279 (Accessed: 8 April 2023).
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An Overview of The Different Types of GIS Software Systems

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software systems have become an integral part of managing, analyzing, and visualizing geospatial data across various industries. With the increasing availability of data, it has become essential to have efficient and effective tools to process and analyze data. GIS software systems offer a wide range of functionalities and applications to manage, analyze, and visualize geospatial data.

There are several types of GIS software systems available, each designed to meet specific needs and requirements. The main types of GIS software systems include desktop GIS, server GIS software, web GIS, cloud GIS, mobile GIS, developer GIS, and others – raster-based, CAD-based, and middle tiers – database. Each type of GIS software system has its own set of features, advantages, and applications. In this article, we will explore each type of GIS software system in detail, highlighting its specific applications and features. Understanding the different types of GIS software systems can help organizations choose the right tool to manage and analyze geospatial data effectively.

An overview of the different types of GIS software systems:

  1. Desktop GIS: Desktop GIS software systems are installed on a computer and are used to create, edit, analyze, and visualize geospatial data. They typically offer a wide range of tools and functionalities, including data processing, geocoding, spatial analysis, and map creation. Examples of popular desktop GIS software systems include Esri’s ArcGIS Desktop and QGIS.

  2. Server GIS: Server GIS software systems are used to host and share geospatial data across a network. They enable users to access and analyze geospatial data from multiple locations and devices. Server GIS software systems are typically used in enterprise environments to manage and share large datasets. Examples of popular server GIS software systems include Esri’s ArcGIS Server and GeoServer.

  3. Web GIS: Web GIS software systems allow users to access geospatial data through a web browser. They provide an interactive interface for users to view, analyze, and edit geospatial data. Web GIS software systems are used in a variety of applications, including real-time mapping, spatial data sharing, and crowdsourcing. Examples of popular web GIS software systems include Esri’s ArcGIS Online and Google Maps.

  4. Cloud GIS: Cloud GIS software systems provide users with access to geospatial data and tools through a cloud-based platform. They enable users to work with geospatial data from anywhere with an internet connection and offer scalability and flexibility. Cloud GIS software systems are used in a variety of industries, including agriculture, urban planning, and disaster management. Examples of popular cloud GIS software systems include Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure.

  5. Mobile GIS: Mobile GIS software systems are used to collect and analyze geospatial data in the field. They allow users to access and analyze data in real-time and provide location-based information. Mobile GIS software systems are used in a variety of applications, including wildlife management, disaster response, and asset management. Examples of popular mobile GIS software systems include Esri’s ArcGIS Mobile and Trimble’s TerraFlex.

  6. Developer GIS: Developer GIS software systems provide developers with the tools and APIs to create customized GIS applications. They offer flexibility and customization options, allowing developers to create GIS applications tailored to specific needs. Examples of popular developer GIS software systems include Esri’s ArcGIS API for JavaScript and Mapbox SDKs.

  7. Others – raster-based, CAD-based, and middle tiers – database: Raster-based GIS software systems are used to work with raster data, such as satellite imagery and digital elevation models. CAD-based GIS software systems are used to integrate GIS data with computer-aided design (CAD) data. Middle tier GIS software systems provide a bridge between desktop and server GIS software systems, allowing users to work with geospatial data from both environments. Database GIS software systems are used to store and manage geospatial data in a database format.

The different types of GIS software systems offer a range of functionalities and applications to manage, analyze, and visualize geospatial data. The choice of GIS software system depends on the specific needs and requirements of the user and their application. 

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). An Overview of The Different Types of GIS Software Systems. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6275 (Accessed: 5 April 2023).
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GIS Software vs Geospatial Software: Understanding the Differences

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software and geospatial software are two distinct tools that are widely used for working with geospatial data. GIS software is a specialized type of software that allows users to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, and display data that is geographically referenced (Bolstad, 2016). In contrast, geospatial software encompasses a wider range of tools and technologies, including remote sensing software, GPS software, and mapping software, which are used in the collection, processing, and analysis of geospatial data.

GIS software is used for a variety of tasks, including spatial analysis, map creation, data management, and data visualization. It is specifically designed for managing, analyzing, and displaying geographic information (Bolstad, 2016). GIS software is widely used in various industries, such as urban planning, environmental management, and emergency response.

ESRI’s ArcGIS is a popular GIS software that allows users to create and edit maps, perform spatial analysis, manage data, and create custom visualizations (ESRI, n.d.). QGIS is another open-source GIS software that provides similar functionalities and is widely used by researchers and professionals worldwide (QGIS, n.d.). Both ArcGIS and QGIS are designed to work with different data types, such as vector data, raster data, and remote sensing data, and offer various spatial analysis tools that help users make informed decisions.

Geospatial software, on the other hand, refers to a broader category of software that includes GIS as well as other tools that are used for working with geospatial data. Remote sensing software, such as ENVI, Erdas Imagine, and Opticks, is used to extract information from remote sensing data, such as land use and land cover, vegetation cover, and topography (Lillesand et al., 2014). GPS software, such as Garmin BaseCamp and Trimble GPS Pathfinder Office, is used to capture and analyze GPS data, such as location, time, speed, and elevation (Van Sickle, 2003). Mapping software, such as Google Earth and Mapbox, is used to create and edit maps and visualize geospatial data (Google Earth, n.d.; Mapbox, n.d.).

While there is some overlap in functionality between GIS software and other geospatial software, each one has unique features and capabilities that make it well-suited for specific tasks. For example, remote sensing software is used to extract information from remote sensing data, while GPS software is used to capture and analyze GPS data. In contrast, GIS software is used to manage and analyze geographic information and create maps (Bolstad, 2016).

Moreover, with advancements in technology and the increasing availability of geospatial data, the demand for both GIS and geospatial software is growing rapidly. As a result, there are many new and innovative software solutions that are emerging in the market, making it easier for researchers and professionals to work with geospatial data more efficiently and effectively.

In conclusion, GIS software and geospatial software are two distinct tools that are used for working with geospatial data. GIS software is specifically designed for managing, analyzing, and displaying geographic information, while geospatial software encompasses a broader range of tools and technologies that are used in the collection, processing, and analysis of geospatial data. Understanding the differences between these two types of software can help users choose the right tools for their specific needs.

References:

Bolstad, P. (2016). GIS Fundamentals: A First Text on Geographic Information Systems. Eider Press.

ESRI. (n.d.). ArcGIS. Retrieved from https://www.esri.com/

Google Earth. (n.d.). Google Earth. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/earth/

Lillesand, T., Kiefer, R. W., & Chipman, J. (2014). Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. John Wiley & Sons.

Mapbox. (n.d.). Mapbox. Retrieved from https://www.mapbox.com/

QGIS. (n.d.). QGIS. Retrieved from https://qgis.org/en/site/

Van Sickle, J. (2003). GPS for Land Surveyors. CRC Press.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). GIS Software vs Geospatial Software: Understanding the Differences. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6262 (Accessed: 3 April 2023).
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Analyzing the Pros and Cons of ESRI Education Licenses

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

ESRI offers a number of options for educational licenses, providing students and educators with access to its powerful GIS software at discounted prices or even for free. These educational licenses provide valuable access to GIS software, allowing students and educators to gain hands-on experience with the latest GIS tools and techniques.

Here are some of the main options:

  1. ArcGIS for Personal Use: This option provides students and educators with a one-year license of ArcGIS Desktop software for non-commercial, personal use. The license includes access to a range of ESRI’s core products, including ArcGIS Pro, ArcMap, ArcGIS Online, and a suite of mobile apps.

  2. ArcGIS for Student Use: This option provides students with a one-year license of ArcGIS Desktop software for non-commercial, educational use. This license includes access to ArcGIS Pro, ArcMap, and a range of other ESRI products, as well as access to ESRI’s extensive online learning resources.

  3. Campus-wide site license: This option provides universities and other educational institutions with a site license for ArcGIS software, which can be installed on all campus-owned computers. This license allows students and faculty to access the software for both research and educational purposes.

  4. K-12 instructional use: ESRI also offers a range of options for K-12 educators, including free access to ArcGIS Online for instructional use, as well as discounted licenses for ArcGIS Desktop software.

These educational license options provide students and educators with valuable access to ESRI’s powerful GIS software, allowing them to gain hands-on experience with the latest GIS tools and techniques. They also help to support the development of the next generation of GIS professionals, who will be able to use their skills to address important real-world challenges in a range of fields.

ESRI’s educational licenses also offer access to a range of online learning resources, including tutorials, documentation, and support forums. This can be especially helpful for students and educators who are just starting out with GIS, providing them with a wealth of resources to help them learn and grow.

In addition, ESRI’s educational licenses are available at a discounted price, or in some cases, for free. This can make the software more accessible to students and educators with limited budgets, helping to level the playing field and ensure that GIS technology is available to everyone, regardless of their financial situation.

However, there are also some potential drawbacks to ESRI’s educational licenses that should be considered. For example, these licenses may have limitations on the type of use that is permitted. Some licenses may only be available for non-commercial, educational use, which could limit the ability of students and educators to use the software for real-world projects or research.

Another potential issue is that ESRI’s software can be complex and difficult to use, especially for beginners. While the company does offer a range of online learning resources, some students and educators may still struggle to learn how to use the software effectively, which could limit its usefulness in the classroom.

Finally, it is worth noting that ESRI’s educational licenses are only available for a limited time period, typically one year. After this time period expires, students and educators may need to purchase a new license or seek out other options for accessing GIS software.

In conclusion, ESRI’s educational licenses provide students and educators with valuable access to GIS software, helping to prepare the next generation of GIS professionals and providing educators with the tools they need to teach GIS concepts effectively. However, there are also potential limitations to these licenses, including restrictions on the type of use that is permitted, the complexity of the software, and the limited time period for which the licenses are valid. Ultimately, the decision to use ESRI’s educational licenses will depend on the needs and goals of individual students and educators, as well as the resources available to them.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Analyzing the Pros and Cons of ESRI Education Licenses. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6260 (Accessed: 3 April 2023).
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Exploring the Licensing Issues of ESRI Products

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

ESRI is one of the most well-known providers of GIS software, offering a range of products to help organizations manage, analyze, and visualize spatial data. However, using ESRI products comes with its own set of challenges, particularly when it comes to licensing. In this article, we will explore some examples of licensing issues associated with ESRI products.

Complexity of Licensing Model

One of the biggest challenges associated with ESRI’s licensing model is its complexity. ESRI offers different types of licenses, each with its own pricing structure, making it difficult for users to determine which license type is best suited to their needs. The named user license allows one user to access the software from multiple devices, while the concurrent user license allows multiple users to share a set number of licenses. Additionally, ESRI offers enterprise licenses, which allow an organization to use the software across all of its departments. However, this complexity can make it challenging for users to determine which license type is best suited to their needs.

Cost

ESRI software is known to be expensive, particularly for small organizations and individuals. For example, a single ArcGIS Pro license can cost over $1,500 per year. Additionally, ESRI’s pricing model is based on the number of users, the number of machines, and the type of license, which can further increase costs. For organizations with limited budgets, this high cost can be prohibitive, making it challenging to access the full range of ESRI’s products.

Inflexibility

ESRI’s licensing policies are not always flexible, which can be frustrating for users who need to make changes to their licensing arrangements. For example, if an organization wants to move its ESRI software to a new server, it may need to purchase a new license or pay an additional fee. This lack of flexibility can be challenging for organizations that need to make changes to their licensing arrangements due to changes in their organizational structure.

Lack of Transparency

ESRI’s licensing policies are not always transparent, and users may not fully understand the terms of their license until they receive a bill. Some users have reported difficulty in understanding the terms of their ESRI licenses, which can lead to unexpected bills and additional fees. ESRI’s licensing policies are not always transparent, which can make it challenging for users to determine the full cost of using ESRI products.

Closed-Source Software Model

ESRI’s software is closed-source, which limits the ability of users to customize and modify the software to fit their specific needs. While ESRI offers some customization options, these options are limited compared to open-source GIS software. This lack of flexibility can be a challenge for organizations that require customized GIS software to fit their unique needs.

Conclusion

ESRI’s products are widely used and offer a range of benefits to users. However, the licensing issues associated with ESRI’s products can be challenging, particularly for small organizations and individuals. ESRI’s licensing model is complex, and its high cost can be prohibitive for many users. Additionally, ESRI’s lack of flexibility and transparency can make it challenging for users to make changes to their licensing arrangements or understand the full cost of using ESRI products. While ESRI continues to be a leading provider of GIS software, it is important for users to be aware of the licensing challenges associated with its products.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Exploring the Licensing Issues of ESRI Products. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6258 (Accessed: 3 April 2023).
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Exploring the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of ESRI’s GIS Products

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have become increasingly important in various fields such as urban planning, environmental management, and disaster response. As one of the leading companies in GIS software, ESRI offers a wide range of products and services to meet the needs of different users. However, the total cost of ownership (TCO) of these products is a significant factor to consider before investing in them.

ESRI’s products are known for their rich features and capabilities, which allow users to create, analyze, and visualize geographic data. Some of the most popular products include ArcGIS Desktop, ArcGIS Online, and ArcGIS Server. ArcGIS Desktop, for example, is a desktop GIS software that provides advanced mapping and analysis tools. It is available in three different license levels: Basic, Standard, and Advanced, each with different features and capabilities.

The cost of ESRI’s products can vary depending on the license type, usage requirements, and the number of users. For example, the cost of ArcGIS Desktop starts at $1,500 per year for a Basic license and goes up to $4,000 per year for an Advanced license. ArcGIS Online, which is a cloud-based GIS platform, has a Creator license that starts at $5,000 per year for up to 5 named users, while the GIS Professional license starts at $20,000 per year for up to 5 named users.

In addition to the initial cost of licenses, there are also ongoing costs associated with maintenance and support. ESRI offers maintenance plans for all of its products, which provide access to software updates, technical support, and other services. The cost of maintenance typically ranges from 10% to 20% of the initial license cost per year.

The Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of ESRI’s products can vary widely depending on the organization’s needs and usage requirements. For smaller organizations or individuals, the cost of licenses and maintenance may be prohibitive. However, for larger organizations with complex GIS needs, the benefits of ESRI’s products may outweigh the cost. For example, using ESRI’s products can lead to increased efficiency, better decision-making, and improved communication among team members.

It’s worth noting that there are alternative GIS solutions available that may be more cost-effective for some organizations. Open-source GIS software, for example, is often free and can offer similar functionality to ESRI’s products. However, open-source software may require more technical expertise to implement and maintain.

Another factor to consider when evaluating the TCO of ESRI’s products is the potential for customization and integration. ESRI’s products are highly customizable, allowing users to create their own custom tools and extensions. This can be particularly beneficial for organizations with specific GIS needs that cannot be met by out-of-the-box solutions.

In summary, the TCO of ESRI’s products is an important factor to consider when evaluating their suitability for an organization. The cost of licenses and maintenance can be significant, but the benefits of ESRI’s products in terms of increased efficiency, improved decision-making, and better communication may make them worth the investment. It’s important for organizations to carefully evaluate their GIS needs and budget, and to consider all available options before making a decision.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Exploring the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of ESRI's GIS Products. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6256 (Accessed: 3 April 2023).
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Challenges of ESRI Software: Licensing, Cost, and Flexibility

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute) is a leading provider of geographic information system (GIS) software and related services. ESRI software is widely used by governments, businesses, and non-profit organizations to manage and analyze spatial data. While ESRI software is highly regarded for its capabilities, it is not without its challenges, especially in regards to licensing.

One of the primary issues with ESRI software is the complexity of its licensing model. ESRI offers various types of licenses, such as named user licenses, concurrent user licenses, and enterprise licenses. Each type of license has its own pricing structure, which can be confusing and difficult to manage. Additionally, ESRI’s licensing policies are not always transparent, which can lead to unexpected bills and additional fees.

ESRI’s licensing policies have been known to be inflexible, which can be frustrating for users. For example, if an organization wants to move its ESRI software to a new server or change the license type, it may need to purchase a new license or pay an additional fee. This lack of flexibility can be a drawback for users and may discourage them from using ESRI software.

The cost of ESRI software is also a significant challenge for many organizations, especially small businesses and non-profit organizations. ESRI charges for its software based on the number of users, the number of machines, and the type of license. This pricing model can be prohibitive for organizations with limited budgets. For example, a small non-profit organization may require GIS software to manage its spatial data, but the cost of an ESRI license may be too high.

ESRI’s closed-source software model is another issue that has been criticized by some users. Closed-source software limits the ability of users to customize and modify the software to fit their specific needs. While ESRI offers some customization options, these options are limited compared to open-source GIS software.

ESRI’s SDK and API, on the other hand, have been praised for their versatility and ease of use. The ArcGIS API for JavaScript, for example, is a powerful tool for building web applications that can integrate with ESRI’s software. However, like the rest of ESRI’s software, the SDK and API can be costly, and organizations must consider the TCO before investing in them.

In conclusion, while ESRI’s software is highly regarded for its capabilities, the complexity of its licensing model, the high cost of licenses and maintenance, and the inflexibility of its licensing policies may discourage some users. Organizations must carefully evaluate their GIS needs and budget before investing in ESRI software. Additionally, while ESRI’s SDK and API are versatile tools, their cost must also be taken into consideration. Finally, organizations that require more flexibility and customization may find open-source GIS software to be a better fit for their needs.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Challenges of ESRI Software: Licensing, Cost, and Flexibility. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6254 (Accessed: 3 April 2023).
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The Pros and Cons of Proprietary GIS Software: An Overview

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Proprietary software, also known as closed-source software, refers to software that is owned by a person or company and is not released under an open source license. The source code for proprietary software is kept confidential and is not made available to the public, except under certain conditions. This type of software is in contrast to open source software, which is developed and maintained by a community of developers and is freely available to the public.

There are some cases where the source code for proprietary software is eventually released, either voluntarily or as a result of legal action. For example, some companies have released the source code for older versions of their software after they have become obsolete, in order to allow developers to create patches and updates for those versions.

In some cases, the source code for proprietary software may be released under certain conditions, such as in the case of shared source software programs, which allow limited access to the source code under a specific set of licensing terms.

Proprietary software has been around since the early days of computing, and it continues to be used extensively in many industries and fields today. One example of a field that relies heavily on proprietary software is Geographic Information Systems (GIS). GIS software is used for mapping and spatial analysis in a variety of industries, including urban planning, natural resource management, and agriculture.

One of the most widely used GIS software products is ArcGIS, developed by Esri. ArcGIS is a proprietary software product, and the source code is not publicly available. However, Esri has developed a number of APIs (application programming interfaces) that allow developers to build custom applications on top of the ArcGIS platform. These APIs provide access to a wide range of geospatial data, including satellite imagery, terrain data, and street maps.

Another popular GIS software product is MapInfo Pro, developed by Pitney Bowes. Like ArcGIS, MapInfo Pro is a proprietary software product, and the source code is not publicly available. However, Pitney Bowes has developed a number of APIs that allow developers to build custom applications on top of the MapInfo Pro platform.

In addition to these proprietary GIS software products, there are also a number of open source GIS software products available, such as QGIS and GRASS GIS. These products are developed and maintained by a community of developers, and the source code is freely available to the public.

There are advantages and disadvantages to using proprietary GIS software products. One advantage is that these products often have more features and functionality than open source products, due to the resources and funding that are available to the companies that develop them. Proprietary software products are also often easier to use and have better user interfaces than open source products.

However, there are also some disadvantages to using proprietary GIS software products. One disadvantage is that they can be expensive, and may require ongoing licensing fees. In addition, because the source code is not publicly available, it can be more difficult for users to customize and modify the software to meet their specific needs.

One way to mitigate these disadvantages is to use a hybrid approach, where proprietary and open source software products are used together. For example, a company may use a proprietary GIS software product for its core mapping and spatial analysis needs, but use open source software products for specific customizations or extensions to the core software.

In conclusion, proprietary software products, including GIS software products, have both advantages and disadvantages. While they may offer more features and functionality than open source products, they can also be expensive and may be more difficult to customize and modify. By using a hybrid approach that combines both proprietary and open source software products, companies can take advantage of the benefits of both types of software while minimizing the disadvantages.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). The Pros and Cons of Proprietary GIS Software: An Overview. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6250 (Accessed: 3 April 2023).
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Unlocking the Power of GIS with Custom Software Development

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have become an essential tool for organizations that need to manage spatial data and make informed decisions. GIS software is used for a wide range of applications, including urban planning, natural resource management, transportation, and emergency response.

While there are many off-the-shelf GIS software solutions available on the market, organizations may find that these solutions do not meet their specific needs. This is where custom software development comes in. By developing custom GIS software, organizations can tailor their GIS applications to meet their specific requirements.

Custom software development for GIS can be a time-consuming and expensive process, but it offers a number of benefits. The most significant advantage of custom GIS software is that it provides greater flexibility and control. Organizations can develop software solutions that are precisely tailored to their needs, which can lead to more efficient workflows, improved data management, and better decision-making.

Another benefit of custom GIS software is that it can be designed to integrate with other software systems used by the organization. This can help to streamline data sharing and reduce duplication of effort. Custom software can also be designed to incorporate the latest technologies, such as cloud computing, machine learning, and artificial intelligence.

GIS custom software development companies offer a range of services, including software architecture design, database development, application development, and testing and maintenance. They work closely with clients to understand their specific requirements and develop solutions that meet their needs.

There are many companies that specialize in custom GIS software development. These companies have the expertise and experience to design and build GIS applications that meet the specific needs of their clients. Some of the most notable companies that offer custom software development for GIS:

  1. Blue Raster – Blue Raster is a GIS and web development company that specializes in creating custom GIS software for a range of clients, including nonprofits, government agencies, and private businesses. Their software solutions are designed to help clients manage and visualize geospatial data in new and innovative ways. They offer a range of services, including GIS consulting, custom software development, and web application development. Website: https://www.blueraster.com/
  2. Geocortex – Geocortex is a software development company that specializes in creating custom GIS solutions for clients in a range of industries, including energy, transportation, and government. Their software solutions are designed to help clients manage and visualize complex geospatial data, and they offer a range of services, including GIS consulting, custom software development, and web application development. Website: https://www.geocortex.com/
  3. Esri – Esri is a leading provider of GIS software and services, and they offer a range of custom software development services to help clients create custom GIS solutions that meet their unique needs. Their services include GIS consulting, custom software development, and web application development, and they work with clients in a range of industries, including government, utilities, and natural resources. Website: https://www.esri.com/en-us/home
  4. Boundless – Boundless is a GIS software and services company that specializes in creating open-source GIS solutions for clients in a range of industries, including government, defense, and natural resources. They offer a range of services, including GIS consulting, custom software development, and web application development, and they work with clients around the world to create custom GIS solutions that meet their unique needs. Website: https://boundlessgeo.com/
  5. GIS Cloud – GIS Cloud is a cloud-based GIS software and services company that specializes in creating custom GIS solutions for clients in a range of industries, including government, utilities, and natural resources. Their software solutions are designed to help clients manage and visualize geospatial data in new and innovative ways, and they offer a range of services, including GIS consulting, custom software development, and web application development. Website: https://www.giscloud.com/
  6. Clearview Geographics – Clearview Geographics specializes in creating customized GIS solutions for a variety of industries. They offer services such as GIS consulting, data management, and application development. Their solutions can be deployed on-premise or in the cloud, and they use open source technologies to create scalable and sustainable solutions. Their website provides detailed information about their services, and they offer case studies and demos of their solutions. Website: https://www.clearviewgis.com/
  7. Latitude Geographics – Latitude Geographics provides custom GIS software development services for organizations of all sizes. They specialize in creating web-based GIS applications and offer services such as consulting, project management, and training. Their website provides detailed information about their products and services, and they offer demos of their solutions. They also offer a community forum where users can ask questions and share ideas. Website: https://www.latitudegeo.com/
  8. GIS Workshop – GIS Workshop offers custom GIS software development services, GIS consulting, and data management services. They specialize in creating web-based GIS applications and offer services such as data analysis and visualization, system design and implementation, and application development. Their website provides detailed information about their services, and they offer case studies and demos of their solutions. Website: https://www.gisworkshop.com/
  9. Spatial Networks – Spatial Networks provides custom GIS software development services and GIS consulting services for organizations of all sizes. They specialize in creating web-based GIS applications and offer services such as data analysis and visualization, system design and implementation, and application development. Their website provides detailed information about their services, and they offer case studies and demos of their solutions. Website: https://spatialnetworks.com/
  10. Boundless Spatial – Boundless Spatial provides custom GIS software development services, GIS consulting, and training services. They specialize in creating open source GIS solutions and offer services such as data management, application development, and support services. Their website provides detailed information about their products and services, and they offer demos and tutorials of their solutions. Website: https://boundlessgeo.com/
  11. AABSyS – AABSyS provides custom GIS software development services for a variety of industries. They offer services such as GIS consulting, data management, and application development. Their website provides detailed information about their services, and they offer case studies and demos of their solutions. Website: https://www.aabsys.com/
  12. GIS Cloud – GIS Cloud offers cloud-based GIS solutions and custom GIS software development services. They specialize in creating web-based GIS applications and offer services such as data analysis and visualization, system design and implementation, and application development. Their website provides detailed information about their products and services, and they offer demos and tutorials of their solutions. Website: https://www.giscloud.com/
  13. GeoMarvel – GeoMarvel provides custom GIS software development services for a variety of industries. They specialize in creating web-based GIS applications and offer services such as data analysis and visualization, system design and implementation, and application development. Their website provides detailed information about their services, and they offer case studies and demos of their solutions. Website: https://www.geomarvel.com/
  14. Polosoft Technologies – Polosoft Technologies provides custom GIS software development services for a variety of industries. They specialize in creating web-based GIS applications and offer services such as data analysis and visualization, system design and implementation, and application development. Their website provides detailed information about their services, and they offer case studies and demos of their solutions. Website: https://www.polosoftech.com/
  15. VertiGIS – VertiGIS offers custom GIS software development services, GIS consulting, and training services. They specialize in creating open source GIS solutions and offer services such as data management, application development, and support services. Their website provides detailed information about their products and services, and they offer demos and tutorials of their solutions. Website: https://www.vertigis.com/

In conclusion, GIS custom software development can provide organizations with tailored solutions that meet their specific needs. While it can be costly and time-consuming, it offers greater flexibility and control over the final product. Companies such as mentioned above provide custom GIS software development services that can help organizations achieve their GIS goals.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Unlocking the Power of GIS with Custom Software Development. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6235 (Accessed: 3 April 2023).
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An Overview of GIS software Standards

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software plays a crucial role in capturing, storing, analyzing, and visualizing geospatial data. In order to ensure interoperability, data exchange, and consistent quality of GIS software products, various GIS software standards have been developed over the years. This article will provide an overview of GIS software standards, their importance, and some widely adopted standards in the GIS industry.

GIS Software Standards

GIS software standards are a set of rules, protocols, and specifications that define how GIS software should be designed, developed, and implemented. These standards ensure that GIS software products are interoperable, efficient, and meet the needs of end-users. GIS software standards cover various aspects of GIS software, including data formats, metadata, data exchange, spatial analysis, visualization, and web services.

Importance of GIS Software Standards

GIS software standards have several benefits for GIS professionals, organizations, and end-users. Some of the key benefits of GIS software standards include:

  1. Interoperability: GIS software standards ensure that GIS software products can communicate and exchange data seamlessly. This enables data sharing and collaboration between different GIS software products and organizations, regardless of the platform or technology used.

  2. Data Exchange: GIS software standards provide a common format for storing and exchanging geospatial data. This ensures that geospatial data can be easily shared and used by different GIS software products and applications.

  3. Quality Assurance: GIS software standards provide a set of guidelines and best practices for GIS software development and implementation. This ensures that GIS software products are efficient, reliable, and meet the needs of end-users.

  4. Innovation: GIS software standards encourage innovation and competition in the GIS industry by providing a level playing field for GIS software vendors. This leads to the development of better GIS software products that meet the evolving needs of the industry and end-users.

Widely Adopted GIS Software Standards

There are several GIS software standards that are widely adopted in the GIS industry. Here are some examples:

  1. OGC Standards: The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) is a leading organization that develops and promotes open standards for geospatial data and services. Many GIS software vendors support OGC standards such as Web Map Service (WMS), Web Feature Service (WFS), and Keyhole Markup Language (KML).

  2. ISO Standards: The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has developed several standards for geospatial data, including ISO 19115 for metadata and ISO 19139 for XML encoding. Many GIS software vendors support ISO standards, which ensure interoperability and data exchange between different GIS software products and applications.

  3. INSPIRE: The Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE) is a European Union directive that aims to establish a common framework for sharing geospatial data across Europe. Many GIS software vendors support INSPIRE standards, which cover areas such as metadata, data exchange, and data visualization.

  4. Esri Shapefile: The Esri Shapefile format is a widely adopted standard for storing and exchanging geospatial vector data. Although it is a proprietary format developed by Esri, it is widely supported by many GIS software vendors.

Conclusion

GIS software standards play a crucial role in ensuring interoperability, data exchange, and quality assurance in the GIS industry. They provide a common language for GIS software vendors, end-users, and organizations, enabling them to communicate, collaborate, and innovate. While there are several GIS software standards available, GIS professionals should choose the standards that best suit their needs and ensure that their GIS software products comply with these standards.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). An Overview of GIS software Standards. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6233 (Accessed: 2 April 2023).
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Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) Software: Benefits and Usage

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

In today’s fast-paced business environment, companies are looking for ways to streamline their operations and increase efficiency. One way they can achieve this is by utilizing commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software. COTS software is pre-built software products that are sold by third-party vendors and can be purchased and used by individuals or organizations without modification. 

The term “COTS” or “Commercial off-the-shelf” originated in the US military in the 1990s. It was used to describe software products that were readily available for purchase from commercial vendors, rather than custom-built or “in-house” solutions. The military recognized that there were many benefits to using COTS software, such as reduced development time, lower costs, and the ability to take advantage of advances in technology that were happening in the commercial sector. Since then, the term has been adopted by other industries and is now commonly used to describe any product or service that is available for purchase off-the-shelf from a commercial vendor.

COTS software offers many advantages over custom-built software. One of the most significant benefits is cost savings. Developing custom software in-house can be an expensive and time-consuming process. COTS software is often significantly cheaper than developing custom software, allowing businesses to save money while still obtaining the functionality they need. Additionally, COTS software is typically more reliable than custom software because it has been developed and tested by experienced software developers who specialize in specific types of software. This means that COTS software is often more stable and less prone to bugs and errors than custom software.

Another advantage of COTS software is that it is often easier to implement than custom software. COTS software comes pre-built with a range of features and functions, making it easier for businesses to deploy and integrate into their existing systems. This can be especially beneficial for small and medium-sized businesses that may not have the resources to develop and deploy custom software.

COTS software can be used in a variety of industries, including finance, healthcare, manufacturing, and more. Examples of specialized COTS software include accounting software like QuickBooks, project management software like Trello, and customer relationship management (CRM) software like Salesforce. These products are designed to meet the needs of a wide range of users and industries, and are typically developed with the goal of maximizing sales to a broad market.

However, it is important to carefully evaluate the available options to ensure that the software meets the specific needs of the business. This involves assessing the functionality, reliability, and ease of use of the software, as well as considering factors like cost, customer support, and compatibility with existing systems.

In conclusion, COTS software can offer many benefits to businesses, including cost savings, reliability, and ease of implementation. By carefully evaluating the available options and selecting the software that best meets their needs, businesses can obtain the functionality they require while still saving time and money on software development. COTS software is a viable solution for businesses of all sizes and industries looking to streamline their operations and increase efficiency.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) Software: Benefits and Usage. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6228 (Accessed: 2 April 2023).
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Approaches for Evaluating GIS Software

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Geographic Information System (GIS) software has become an integral part of modern-day organizations that deal with spatial data. With a vast array of GIS software available in the market, it can be challenging to choose the right one for your organization. However, by following standard practices and guidelines for evaluating GIS software, you can make a well-informed decision that aligns with your organization’s needs and requirements.

Here are some commonly used approaches for evaluating GIS software:

Criteria-Based Evaluation

One of the most popular methods for assessing GIS software is criteria-based evaluation. This method involves creating a set of criteria that are essential for your organization and evaluating GIS software based on each criterion. The criteria may include factors such as functionality, usability, performance, data compatibility, integration, support, cost, and industry adoption. Each criterion may be given a weight or importance score, and the software can be evaluated and compared based on the overall score. To identify the software that best meets their requirements, the organization can evaluate GIS software options like ArcGIS, QGIS, and MapInfo based on how well they fulfill each criterion. This method facilitates organizations in determining which GIS software best meets their needs based on a thorough and methodical evaluation.

Use Case Evaluation

Another approach for evaluating GIS software is use case evaluation. This method entails recognizing particular use cases or workflows that are relevant to the organization and assessing the GIS software based on how effectively it supports those use cases. Use cases may include tasks such as data visualization, spatial analysis, data management, and workflow automation. The software can be evaluated based on how well it meets the requirements and objectives of each use case. The organization can then evaluate GIS software options such as GeoDa, IDRISI, and GRASS based on how well they support each use case. To identify the software that best meets the organization’s requirements, the outcomes can be compared. This approach enables organizations to identify which GIS software best meets their requirements based on particular use cases and workflows.

Peer Review

A third approach for evaluating GIS software is peer review. This method entails requesting feedback and reviews from other professionals in your field who have experience using the GIS software. Peer reviews can offer valuable insights into the strengths and weaknesses of the software, as well as its overall effectiveness and usefulness for specific workflows and tasks. The organization can seek feedback and reviews on GIS software options being considered for spatial analysis. The strengths, weaknesses, and overall effectiveness of each software as assessed by peers can be considered by the organization. This method allows organizations to gain valuable insights from experienced professionals in the field and make informed decisions about GIS software.

Trial and Testing

Trial and testing are the fourth method for evaluating GIS software. This method involves testing the GIS software in a real-world scenario, using actual data and workflows that are relevant to the organization. This approach enables the organization to assess how well the software meets their specific requirements and needs in a more practical setting. The organization can conduct trials of several GIS software options such as Global Mapper, Manifold GIS, and OpenJump to evaluate their performance. To identify the software that best meets the organization’s requirements, the results can be compared. By conducting trials and testing, organizations can determine which GIS software is most appropriate for their requirements and workflows.

Conclusion

GIS software is an essential tool for organizations that deal with spatial data. However, with a vast array of GIS software available in the market, it can be challenging to choose the right one. By using one or more of the above approaches, organizations can evaluate GIS software in a comprehensive and systematic way and make an informed decision about which software best meets their needs. Ultimately, the evaluation process should align with the organization’s goals and objectives and lead to the selection of the GIS software that offers the most significant value and meets the organization’s requirements.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Approaches for Evaluating GIS Software. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6223 (Accessed: 2 April 2023).
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Requirements for Students Studying GIS Software Systems: Emerging Technologies and Concepts

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Geographic Information System (GIS) software systems are constantly evolving and incorporating new technologies and concepts. To succeed in this field, students studying GIS software systems must not only possess the basic skills and competencies but also be familiar with emerging technologies and concepts. In this article, we will discuss some of the technologies and concepts that students should be familiar with to keep up with the rapidly evolving GIS industry.

Cloud Computing

Many GIS applications now use cloud-based infrastructure, such as Amazon Web Services or Microsoft Azure. Cloud computing provides a scalable and flexible infrastructure for GIS applications, making it easier to store, analyze, and share spatial data. Students should have a basic understanding of cloud computing concepts such as virtualization, containers, and cloud storage. They should also be familiar with the various cloud platforms and their capabilities and limitations when it comes to GIS applications.

Mobile Computing

Mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets are increasingly being used for GIS applications, including field data collection and real-time tracking. Familiarity with mobile computing technologies can be beneficial for students studying GIS software systems. Students should have a good understanding of mobile operating systems such as Android and iOS and the GIS applications available on these platforms. Additionally, students should be familiar with the different sensors available on mobile devices, such as GPS and accelerometers, and how they can be used in GIS applications.

Big Data

GIS often deals with large amounts of spatial data, which can be difficult to manage and analyze using traditional methods. Knowledge of big data technologies such as Hadoop and Spark can be helpful for students studying GIS software systems. Students should be able to understand the concepts of distributed computing, parallel processing, and data partitioning. They should also be familiar with big data tools such as HDFS, Hive, and Pig, and how they can be used for storing and processing large amounts of spatial data.

Machine Learning

Machine learning algorithms are being used to analyze and extract insights from GIS data. Familiarity with machine learning concepts and tools such as TensorFlow or Scikit-learn can be beneficial for students studying GIS software systems. Students should be able to understand the concepts of supervised and unsupervised learning, regression, clustering, and classification. They should also be familiar with the various machine learning algorithms used in GIS applications, such as decision trees, neural networks, and support vector machines.

Internet of Things (IoT)

The IoT refers to the growing network of connected devices that are collecting and transmitting data. In GIS, IoT devices can be used for real-time monitoring and data collection. Understanding IoT technologies can be helpful for students studying GIS software systems. Students should be able to understand the concepts of sensors, actuators, and embedded systems. They should also be familiar with the different communication protocols used in IoT devices, such as MQTT, CoAP, and HTTP.

Virtual and Augmented Reality

Virtual and augmented reality technologies are increasingly being used in GIS applications, such as 3D visualization and immersive training environments. Familiarity with virtual and augmented reality concepts and tools can be beneficial for students studying GIS software systems. Students should be able to understand the concepts of virtual environments, virtual reality devices, and augmented reality devices. They should also be familiar with the various software tools available for creating virtual and augmented reality GIS applications.

Conclusion

In conclusion, keeping up-to-date with emerging technologies and concepts is essential for students studying GIS software systems. Cloud computing, mobile computing, big data, machine learning, IoT, and virtual and augmented reality are some of the emerging technologies and concepts that students should be familiar with to succeed in this field. By staying current with these technologies and concepts, students will be better equipped to use GIS software systems to their full potential and keep pace with the rapidly evolving GIS industry.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Requirements for Students Studying GIS Software Systems: Emerging Technologies and Concepts. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6163 (Accessed: 28 March 2023).
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Requirements for Students Studying GIS Software Systems

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Geographic Information System (GIS) software systems are a vital tool for professionals who need to visualize and analyze complex spatial data. As such, the demand for GIS professionals has increased in recent years, with a wide range of industries utilizing these systems. However, to succeed in this field, students studying GIS software systems must possess certain skills and competencies.

Basic Computer Skills

GIS software systems are computer-based, and therefore, a student studying GIS software systems should have a good grasp of computer hardware, software, and operating systems. They should be able to navigate the computer interface, troubleshoot common technical issues, and perform basic maintenance. Additionally, students should have experience with the basic computer tools used in data analysis, such as spreadsheets and databases.

Data Analysis and Management

GIS involves managing, analyzing, and manipulating large amounts of spatial data. Therefore, students should be comfortable with data analysis tools and techniques such as data classification, statistical analysis, and data visualization. They should be able to perform spatial analysis using various GIS software tools and interpret the results effectively. Additionally, students should have experience in data management and be able to integrate, organize, and maintain complex data sets.

Spatial Thinking

One of the most important requirements for students studying GIS software systems is the ability to think spatially. They should be able to understand and analyze spatial relationships between different geographic features, such as distance, scale, and projection. Students should also have a solid understanding of geography, map reading, and spatial reasoning.

Programming

GIS software systems often require some programming knowledge, especially if you want to customize or automate certain processes. Familiarity with programming languages such as Python or R can be helpful. Students should have a good understanding of computer programming and be able to write, modify, and execute scripts to automate processes and customize GIS software systems.

Cartography

As a GIS professional, you may be responsible for creating maps and visualizations that effectively communicate complex spatial information. Therefore, students should be familiar with cartographic principles and have experience working with map design software. They should be able to design effective maps that convey spatial information to various audiences.

Communication Skills

Finally, GIS often involves working with interdisciplinary teams, including engineers, planners, and policy makers. Strong communication skills are essential for effectively collaborating with others and presenting complex information to a variety of stakeholders. Students should be able to communicate effectively in writing and orally, and they should be comfortable working in teams to achieve common goals.

Conclusion

In conclusion, students studying GIS software systems must possess several skills and competencies to be successful in this field. They should have a solid understanding of basic computer skills, data analysis, and management, spatial thinking, programming, cartography, and communication skills. While these requirements may seem daunting, students who possess these skills will have a competitive edge in the job market and be able to contribute to a wide range of industries that utilize GIS software systems.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Requirements for Students Studying GIS Software Systems. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6161 (Accessed: 28 March 2023).
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Object-Oriented Technology: A Look Back at its Definition and Relevance in Current Programming Technology

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

The article titled “What Is Object-Oriented Technology Anyway?” by Berry (1996) explains what object-oriented (OO) technology is and its three basic forms: Object-Oriented User Interfaces (OOUI), Object-Oriented Programming Systems (OOPS), and Object-Oriented Data Base Management (OODBM). The author discusses the differences between these forms and how they relate to GIS (Geographic Information Systems).

The article provides a detailed explanation of OOUIs and how they use “icons” and “glyphs” to launch repetitive procedures. OOUIs are described as graphical user interfaces that make it easier for users to interact with computers by using point-and-click methods. The article also notes that OOUIs have become commonplace with the advent of Windows ’95.

The article then moves on to discuss OOPS and how it uses “widgets” in the development of computer code. The author mentions that Visual Basic and Visual C are examples of object-oriented programming systems. The article notes that OOPS provides an easier way to develop fully structured computer programs.

The article concludes by discussing the importance of the OOPS flowchart in prescriptive modeling. The article notes that as GIS moves from descriptive geo-query applications to prescriptive modeling, the communication of logic becomes increasingly important. The OOPS flowchart provides a mechanism for both communicating and interacting with model logic.

In terms of relevance to current programming technology, the article provides a historical perspective on the development of object-oriented technology. Although some of the specifics may have changed, the basic concepts of OOUIs and OOPS remain relevant today.

OOUIs are still used in modern software development, although they have become more sophisticated over time. For example, modern web applications often use graphical user interfaces to make it easier for users to interact with web pages. Similarly, modern mobile applications often use graphical user interfaces to make it easier for users to interact with their mobile devices.

The article is relevant to current programming technology, particularly with regards to object-oriented programming. Object-oriented programming is still widely used in modern programming languages like Java, Python, and C++. OOUI is still used today in user interface design, and modern operating systems like macOS and Windows continue to use icon-based interfaces. The article’s explanation of OOPS is also relevant to modern programming. Many modern programming environments like Visual Studio and Xcode use visual tools to create software. These environments allow programmers to drag and drop widgets to create code, similar to the flowcharting objects mentioned in the article.

However, the article’s discussion of OODBM is less relevant to modern programming technology. The author notes that OODBM uses objects to manage data in a database. While object-oriented databases still exist, they are not as widely used as relational databases like MySQL and PostgreSQL. The rise of NoSQL databases like MongoDB and Cassandra has also impacted the use of object-oriented databases.

In conclusion, the article “What Is Object-Oriented Technology Anyway?” provides a historical perspective on the development of object-oriented technology. Although the specifics may have changed, the basic concepts of OOUIs and OOPS remain relevant today and the article’s discussion of OODBM provides an interesting historical perspective on the evolution of database management technology. The article serves as a reminder that technology is constantly evolving, and developers must continue to adapt and learn new techniques to stay current.

Reference:
Berry, J.K. (1996). What Is Object-Oriented Technology Anyway? GeoWorld. [Online] Available at: http://www.innovativegis.com/basis/mapanalysis/Topic1/Topic1.htm (Accessed: 28 March 2023).

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Object-Oriented Technology: A Look Back at its Definition and Relevance in Current Programming Technology. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6151 (Accessed: 28 March 2023).