GNSS for Underwater

The optimal arrangement of buoys is determined in terms of accuracy and availability depending on the number of available buoys and targeted water depth for an efficient operation. For example, at a targeted depth of 30 m in fresh water, a maximum horizontal position root-mean-square (RMS) error of less than 3 m can be achieved with a set of five buoys providing a service radius of up to 72 m. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12213636 The formal transfer of GNSS under water is not possible. The radio signals don’t reach very far underwater, they’re basically useless for any submarine below the surface. If it is

GNSS for Underwater Read More »

Terms – Geographic(al) Information System, GIScience, Geomatics, Geoinformatics, Geoinformation Technology and Geospatial Technology

Common people, often, get confused with the terms Geographic(al) Information System, GIScience, Geomatics, Geoinformatics, Geoinformation Technology and Geospatial Technology. To understand the differences or similarities among them we need to fine-tune our understanding about these frequently used and interchangeable terms. Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer-based information system used to digitally represent and analyze the geospatial data or geographic data. The GIS has been called an ‘enabling technology’, because it offers interrelation with the wide variety of disciplines which must deal with geospatial data. Each related field provides some of the techniques which make up a GIS. Many of these related fields emphasize data collection; GIS brings

Terms – Geographic(al) Information System, GIScience, Geomatics, Geoinformatics, Geoinformation Technology and Geospatial Technology Read More »

Spatial vs Geospatial [2]

Mike Goodchild believes that we should make a distinction between spatial and geospatial believing that if spatial is special then geospatial is even more special! The way he sees it is that geospatial is a subset of something much larger that encompases any spatiotemporal frame, any spatial resoultion, non-Cartesian spaces and metrics and so on.  Spatial represents the big picture while geospatial carves out its own area of interest at on on the earth’s surface  He goes on to suggest that any theory of geospatial (geographic information) should be developed quite separetely from a theory of spatial (spatial information) with the proviso

Spatial vs Geospatial [2] Read More »

Spatial vs Geospatial [1]

Often my students ask about the difference(s) between spatial and geospatial. These two words appear very frequently in remote sensing and GIS literature. The word spatial originated from Latin ‘spatium’, which means space. Spatial means ‘pertaining to space’ or ‘having to do with space, relating to space and the position, size, shape, etc.’ (Oxford Dictionary), which refers to features or phenomena distributed in three-dimensional space (any space, not only the Earth’s surface) and, thus, having physical, measurable dimensions. In GIS, ‘spatial’ is also referred to as ‘based on location on map’. Geographic(al) means ‘pertaining to geography (the study of the

Spatial vs Geospatial [1] Read More »

Uncorrected Proof Published Paper 2022

Agent-Based Model for Analyzing COVID-19 Infection in the Campus Using Any Logic Software by W. X. Gan and S. Amerudin M. Ben Ahmed et al. (eds.), Innovations in Smart Cities Applications Volume 5, Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems 393, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94191-8_42

Uncorrected Proof Published Paper 2022 Read More »

Scroll to Top