The Evolution of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Integration of Extended Reality (XR)
By Shahabuddin Amerudin Abstract Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have evolved dramatically from traditional cartography to sophisticated 3D and immersive environments, culminating in the integration of Extended Reality (XR). This article explores the historical development of GIS, the technological advancements that led to the adoption of 3D GIS and immersive environments, and the emerging role of XR in GIS applications. The convergence of GIS and XR is analyzed, highlighting how Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR) are transforming spatial analysis, visualization, and decision-making processes. 1. Introduction Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been integral to spatial analysis, environmental […]