Geographic information systems (GIS) and geospatial technology have come a long way since their launch in the 1960s. The last 20 years have witnessed tremendous growth in GIS technologies, which are no longer used just to incorporate spatial relationships but also are used to analyze and visualize space across time. 4D geographic information systems, also known as spatial-temporal GIS, have become extremely important in fields where geographic information systems are necessary for forecasting dimensions across time. GIS is now used by a number of industries and, in particular, governments worldwide, which employ the technology for urban planning and management. GIS technology is also used for accident analysis, disaster management, weather pattern visualization and more. Geospatial data collection and analysis can lead to amazing results for individuals, communities and entire nations.
GIS is a system designed to capture, analyze, manage, store, manipulate and display the geographical data related to a position on the Earth’s surface. GIS can be simply defined as any digital data that contains location-specific information, which is also called spatial data. Spatial data can be an address, latitude, and longitude coordinate, or complex three-dimensional geometry. In simple words, GIS allows users to visualize data as a map, and to view, understand, question, interpret and visualize data to reveal patterns, relationships, and trends in the form of maps, reports, and charts.
In 4D GIS, the first three dimensions represent the coordinates used to define a physical space; the fourth dimension (4D) refers to time. The change can be the position of the object from one place to another or the change in patterns in surroundings like changing weather conditions or the spread of fire in a forest. Spatial and temporal or time-dependent data such as data illustrating changing weather conditions is supported by most GIS systems through the use of animation tools. Also, it is useful in the construction industry for monitoring the progress of work overtime.
As it incorporates 2D and 3D with time, 4D GIS is becoming an essential component of GIS applications. The 4D model offers quality visualization, simulation, and communication and facilitates better decision making in rapidly changing environments. 4D GIS models help understanding project schedules and help users observe the risks involved during the execution of a project.
Source: Research and Markets
