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The Malay Archipelago: Malacca and Mount Ophir

“THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO Alfred Russel Wallace” Excerpt From The Malay Archipelago Alfred Russel Wallace This material may be protected by copyright.

Terjemahan petikan dari “The Malay Archipelago” oleh Alfred Russel Wallace, pertama kali diterbitkan pada musim bunga 1869 dalam dua jilid oleh Macmillan (London).

BAB 3: Melaka dan Gunung Ledang

Julai hingga September, 1854

BURUNG DAN KEBANYAKAN SPESIES haiwan yang lain agak jarang ditemui di Singapura, maka saya meninggalkannya pada bulan Julai menuju ke Melaka, di mana saya menghabiskan lebih daripada dua bulan di pedalaman, dan membuat satu ekspedisi ke Gunung Ledang. Bandar Melaka yang lama dan indah terletak di sepanjang tebing sungai kecil, dan terdiri daripada jalan-jalan sempit yang dipenuhi kedai dan rumah kediaman, dihuni oleh keturunan Portugis dan orang Cina. Di pinggir bandar terdapat rumah-rumah pegawai Inggeris dan beberapa saudagar Portugis, tersembunyi dalam rerimbunan pokok kelapa dan pokok buah-buahan, yang daun-daunnya yang pelbagai dan cantik memberikan pemandangan yang menyegarkan mata serta teduhan yang sangat dihargai.

Kubu lama, Rumah Kerajaan yang besar, dan runtuhan sebuah katedral menjadi saksi kepada kekayaan dan kepentingan Melaka pada masa lampau, yang dahulunya merupakan pusat perdagangan di Timur, sama seperti Singapura kini. Berikut adalah deskripsi mengenainya oleh Linschott, yang menulis dua ratus tujuh puluh tahun yang lalu, dengan jelas menggambarkan perubahan yang telah dialaminya:—

“Melaka didiami oleh orang Portugis dan oleh penduduk tempatan, yang dipanggil Melayu. Orang Portugis mempunyai sebuah kubu di sini, seperti di Mozambique, dan tiada kubu di seluruh India, selepas Mozambique dan Ormuz, di mana kapten-kapten menjalankan tugas mereka dengan lebih baik daripada di sini. Tempat ini merupakan pasaran bagi seluruh India, China, Maluku, dan pulau-pulau lain di sekitarnya, dari semua tempat tersebut serta dari Banda, Jawa, Sumatra, Thailand, Pegu, Bengal, Coromandel, dan India, kapal-kapal tiba dan berlepas tanpa henti, membawa pelbagai jenis barang dagangan. Terdapat lebih ramai orang Portugis di tempat ini jika bukan kerana keadaan udara yang tidak sihat, yang memudaratkan bukan sahaja kepada pendatang asing, tetapi juga kepada penduduk tempatan. Oleh itu, semua yang tinggal di sini membayar ‘cukai’ kesihatan mereka, menderita daripada penyakit yang menyebabkan mereka kehilangan kulit atau rambut. Dan mereka yang terselamat menganggapnya sebagai satu keajaiban, yang menyebabkan ramai meninggalkan tempat ini, manakala keinginan besar untuk mendapatkan keuntungan mendorong yang lain untuk mempertaruhkan kesihatan mereka dan cuba menahan keadaan udara yang tidak sihat tersebut. Asal usul bandar ini, menurut penduduk tempatan, sangat kecil, hanya bermula dengan enam atau tujuh nelayan yang tinggal di sini kerana keadaan udara yang tidak sihat. Tetapi jumlah ini bertambah dengan kedatangan nelayan dari Thailand, Pegu, dan Bengal, yang datang dan membina sebuah bandar, serta mewujudkan satu bahasa yang unik, diambil dari cara bertutur yang paling halus dari pelbagai bangsa lain, sehingga bahasa Melayu kini merupakan yang paling canggih, tepat, dan terkenal di seluruh Timur. Nama Melaka diberikan kepada bandar ini, yang, kerana kedudukannya yang strategik, dalam masa yang singkat berkembang menjadi kaya sehingga tidak kalah dengan bandar-bandar dan wilayah paling berkuasa di sekitarnya. Penduduk tempatan, lelaki dan perempuan, sangat berbudi bahasa, dan dianggap paling mahir di dunia dalam hal peradaban dan kesantunan, serta sangat cenderung untuk mencipta dan menyanyikan puisi serta lagu cinta. Bahasa mereka popular di seluruh India, seperti bahasa Perancis di sini.”

Pada masa ini, kapal yang melebihi seratus tan jarang sekali memasuki pelabuhan Melaka, dan perdagangan di sana terbatas kepada beberapa hasil hutan kecil serta buah-buahan yang dihasilkan oleh pokok-pokok yang ditanam oleh orang Portugis lama untuk dinikmati oleh penduduk Singapura. Walaupun kawasan ini agak mudah diserang demam, ia kini tidak dianggap terlalu tidak sihat.

Penduduk Melaka terdiri daripada beberapa kaum. Orang Cina, yang terdapat di mana-mana, mungkin yang paling ramai, mengekalkan adat resam, budaya, dan bahasa mereka; orang Melayu asli pula adalah kelompok kedua terbesar, dan bahasa mereka menjadi lingua-franca (bahasa pengantara) di tempat ini. Seterusnya, terdapat keturunan Portugis—sebuah bangsa campuran yang dikatakan telah mengalami kemerosotan, tetapi mereka masih menggunakan bahasa ibunda mereka walaupun tatabahasanya telah banyak berubah; dan kemudian terdapat golongan pemerintah Inggeris dan keturunan Belanda, yang kesemuanya bertutur dalam bahasa Inggeris. Bahasa Portugis yang dituturkan di Melaka adalah fenomena filologi yang menarik. Kata kerja kebanyakannya telah kehilangan konjugasi, dan satu bentuk digunakan untuk semua ragam, kala, bilangan, dan orang. “Eu vai” digunakan untuk “Saya pergi,” “Saya telah pergi,” atau “Saya akan pergi.” Kata sifat juga telah kehilangan penamat feminin dan jamak, sehingga bahasa itu menjadi sangat ringkas, dan dengan penambahan beberapa perkataan Melayu, ia menjadi agak mengelirukan bagi mereka yang pernah mendengar bahasa Portugis tulen.

Dari segi pakaian, kaum-kaum ini sangat berbeza seperti dalam bahasa mereka. Orang Inggeris masih mengekalkan pakaian ketat berupa kot, rompi, dan seluar panjang, serta topi dan tali leher yang tidak menyenangkan; orang Portugis lebih cenderung memakai jaket ringan, atau lebih kerap hanya baju dan seluar; orang Melayu pula memakai baju nasional mereka dan sarung (sejenis kain yang diikat di pinggang) dengan seluar longgar; manakala orang Cina tidak pernah meninggalkan pakaian kebangsaan mereka, yang sebenarnya sangat sesuai untuk iklim tropika dari segi keselesaan mahupun penampilan. Seluar longgar dan baju putih separa kemeja separa jaket adalah contoh pakaian yang sesuai di kawasan latitud rendah ini.

Saya mengupah dua orang Portugis untuk menemani saya ke pedalaman; seorang sebagai tukang masak, dan seorang lagi untuk menembak dan mengulit burung, yang merupakan satu pekerjaan khusus di Melaka. Saya mula-mula tinggal selama dua minggu di sebuah kampung bernama Gading, di mana saya ditempatkan di rumah beberapa orang Cina yang telah memeluk agama Kristian, yang disyorkan kepada saya oleh mubaligh Jesuit. Rumah itu hanyalah sebuah pondok kecil, tetapi ia dijaga bersih, dan saya merasa cukup selesa. Tuan rumah saya sedang menanam lada dan gambir, dan di kawasan sekitar terdapat operasi pencucian bijih timah yang meluas, melibatkan lebih daripada seribu orang Cina. Timah diperoleh dalam bentuk bijirin hitam dari lapisan pasir kuarza, dan dicairkan menjadi jongkong di dalam relau tanah liat yang kasar. Tanah di sini nampak kurang subur, dan hutan sangat tebal dengan tumbuh-tumbuhan renek, serta tidak banyak serangga; tetapi sebaliknya, burung sangat banyak, dan saya diperkenalkan dengan khazanah ornitologi yang kaya di rantau Melayu.

Kali pertama saya melepaskan tembakan, saya berjaya menembak salah satu burung Melaka yang paling menarik dan cantik, iaitu burung “blue-billed gaper” (Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus), yang dipanggil oleh orang Melayu sebagai “Burung Hujan.” Saiznya lebih kurang sebesar burung jalak, dengan bulu hitam dan warna merah wain yang kaya serta garis putih di bahunya, dan paruh yang sangat besar dan lebar berwarna biru kobalt di atas serta oren di bawah, manakala matanya berwarna hijau zamrud. Apabila kulitnya kering, paruhnya bertukar menjadi hitam kusam, tetapi burung itu tetap kelihatan cantik. Ketika baru ditembak, kontras antara biru terang dan warna bulunya sangat menarik dan menawan. Burung trogon dari Timur yang indah, dengan belakang coklat, sayap yang dihiasi dengan corak yang cantik, serta dada merah, juga berjaya saya dapatkan, begitu juga dengan burung barbet hijau besar (Megalæma versicolor)—burung pemakan buah yang mirip dengan burung toucan kecil, dengan paruh pendek lurus dan berbulu kasar, dan kepalanya dihiasi dengan tompok-tompok biru dan merah terang. Beberapa hari kemudian, pemburu saya membawa seekor lagi burung “green gaper” (Calyptomena viridis), yang kelihatan seperti burung “cock-of-the-rock” kecil, tetapi berwarna hijau terang sepenuhnya, dengan garis hitam halus di sayapnya. Burung pelatuk yang tampan dan burung raja udang yang ceria, burung cekur hijau dan coklat dengan muka merah baldu dan paruh hijau, burung merpati dada merah dan burung madu berkilau seperti logam, semuanya dibawa masuk hari demi hari, dan membuatkan saya sentiasa dalam keadaan teruja. Selepas dua minggu, salah seorang pembantu saya diserang demam, dan apabila pulang ke Melaka, pembantu yang lain serta saya sendiri turut dijangkiti penyakit yang sama. Dengan penggunaan kina yang banyak, saya cepat pulih, dan selepas mendapatkan pekerja baru, saya pergi ke rumah rehat kerajaan di Air Panas, ditemani oleh seorang pemuda tempatan yang meminati sejarah semula jadi.

Di Air Panas, kami mempunyai sebuah rumah yang selesa untuk menginap, dan terdapat banyak ruang untuk mengering dan menyimpan spesimen kami. Namun, kerana ketiadaan orang Cina yang rajin untuk menebang kayu, serangga agak jarang ditemui kecuali rama-rama, di mana saya berjaya membina koleksi yang sangat baik. Cara saya memperoleh seekor serangga yang cantik agak pelik dan menunjukkan betapa terhad dan tidak sempurna koleksi seorang pengembara. Pada suatu petang, ketika saya berjalan di jalan kegemaran saya di dalam hutan dengan membawa senapang, saya ternampak seekor rama-rama di atas tanah. Ia besar, cantik, dan baru bagi saya. Saya mendekatinya sebelum ia terbang. Saya perasan bahawa rama-rama itu hinggap di atas najis haiwan karnivor. Berfikir ia mungkin kembali ke tempat yang sama, keesokan harinya selepas sarapan, saya membawa jaring dan ketika saya menghampiri tempat itu, saya amat gembira melihat rama-rama yang sama hinggap di atas najis yang sama. Saya berjaya menangkapnya. Ia adalah spesies baru yang sangat cantik dan telah dinamakan oleh Encik Hewitson sebagai Nymphalis calydonia. Saya tidak pernah melihat spesimen lain, dan hanya selepas dua belas tahun berlalu, seekor lagi dihantar dari bahagian barat laut Borneo ke negara ini.

Setelah memutuskan untuk melawat Gunung Ledang, yang terletak di tengah-tengah semenanjung kira-kira lima puluh batu ke timur Melaka, kami mengupah enam orang Melayu untuk menemani kami dan membawa bagasi. Kami bercadang untuk tinggal sekurang-kurangnya seminggu di gunung, jadi kami membawa bekalan beras yang mencukupi, sedikit biskut, mentega, dan kopi, sedikit ikan kering dan sedikit brendi, dengan selimut, pakaian ganti, kotak serangga dan burung, jaring, senapang, dan peluru. Jarak dari Air Panas dianggarkan kira-kira tiga puluh batu. Perjalanan hari pertama kami melalui hutan yang jarang ditebang dan kampung Melayu, dan agak menyenangkan. Pada malam itu, kami bermalam di rumah seorang ketua Melayu, yang meminjamkan kami serambi rumahnya dan memberi kami seekor ayam dan beberapa biji telur. Keesokan harinya, keadaan sekeliling semakin liar dan berbukit. Kami melalui hutan yang luas, melalui jalan yang sering sampai ke lutut dengan lumpur, dan kami sangat terganggu oleh pacat yang terkenal di kawasan ini. Makhluk kecil ini menghuni daun dan tumbuhan di tepi jalan, dan apabila seorang pengembara lalu, mereka akan memanjangkan tubuh mereka, dan jika tersentuh pada pakaian atau badan, mereka akan berpindah dari daun dan melekat pada badan.

Mereka kemudian merayap ke kaki, kaki, atau bahagian tubuh yang lain dan menghisap darah, di mana gigitan pertama jarang terasa semasa kita sibuk berjalan. Ketika mandi pada waktu petang, biasanya kami mendapati setengah dozen atau lebih pacat pada tubuh kami, kebanyakannya di kaki, tetapi kadang-kadang di badan, dan saya pernah digigit di leher, tetapi nasib baik pacat itu tidak terkena urat leher. Terdapat banyak spesies pacat hutan ini. Semuanya kecil, tetapi ada yang cantik dengan garis-garis kuning terang. Mereka mungkin menumpang pada rusa atau haiwan lain yang sering melalui jalan hutan, dan dengan itu memperoleh kebiasaan yang aneh iaitu memanjangkan badan apabila terdengar bunyi langkah atau dedaun yang berkarat. Pada awal petang, kami tiba di kaki gunung dan berkhemah di tepi aliran air yang jernih, di mana tebingnya ditumbuhi paku-pakis. Seorang Melayu tertua kami sudah biasa menembak burung di kawasan ini untuk peniaga di Melaka, dan pernah ke puncak gunung. Sementara kami berseronok menembak dan memburu serangga, dia pergi bersama dua orang lagi untuk membersihkan laluan bagi pendakian kami pada keesokan harinya.

Awal pagi keesokan harinya, selepas sarapan, kami mula mendaki dengan membawa selimut dan bekalan kerana kami bercadang bermalam di gunung. Selepas melalui sedikit hutan yang berbelit-belit dan belukar paya di mana lelaki kami telah membersihkan jalan, kami keluar ke hutan yang tinggi dan bersih dari tumbuhan renek, membolehkan kami berjalan dengan bebas. Kami mendaki dengan mantap pada cerun sederhana selama beberapa batu, dengan gaung yang dalam di sebelah kiri kami. Selepas itu, kami menyeberangi dataran rata atau bahu gunung, dan seterusnya mendaki cerun yang lebih curam dengan hutan yang lebih lebat sehingga kami tiba di Padang-batu atau padang batu, satu tempat yang sering diceritakan tetapi sukar diterangkan dengan jelas. Kami mendapati ia adalah cerun batu yang curam, membentang sepanjang sisi gunung lebih jauh daripada yang dapat dilihat. Sebahagian daripadanya kosong, tetapi di tempat yang retak dan berfissur, tumbuh tumbuhan yang sangat subur, di mana periuk kera adalah yang paling menarik perhatian. Tumbuhan yang luar biasa ini jarang tumbuh dengan baik di rumah panas kita, dan di sini mereka tumbuh sehingga separuh memanjat, dengan periuk yang beraneka bentuk dan saiz yang tergantung dari daun mereka, sentiasa memikat kekaguman kami dengan saiz dan kecantikannya. Beberapa pokok konifer dari genus Dacrydium pertama kali muncul di sini, dan di semak-semak di atas permukaan batu yang berbatu, kami berjalan melalui belukar paku-pakis indah Dipteris horsfieldii dan Matonia pectinata, yang mempunyai pelepah besar berbentuk telapak tangan yang tumbuh pada batang yang tinggi dan langsing setinggi enam atau lapan kaki. Matonia adalah yang paling tinggi dan paling elegan, dan hanya diketahui wujud di gunung ini, dan tidak satu pun daripadanya lagi diperkenalkan ke rumah panas kita.

Sangat mengagumkan untuk keluar dari hutan yang gelap, sejuk, dan teduh, di mana kami mendaki sejak pagi, ke padang batu yang terbuka dan panas ini, di mana kami seolah-olah melangkah dari kawasan rendah ke tumbuh-tumbuhan alpine dalam sekelip mata. Ketinggiannya, seperti yang diukur oleh simpiesometer, adalah kira-kira 2,800 kaki. Kami diberitahu bahawa kami akan menemui air di Padang-batu, tetapi setelah mencarinya, kami tidak menjumpainya dan menjadi sangat dahaga. Akhirnya, kami beralih kepada periuk kera, tetapi air dalam periuk tersebut (sekitar setengah pint setiap satu) penuh dengan serangga dan kelihatan tidak menyelerakan. Namun, setelah merasainya, kami mendapati ia boleh diminum walaupun sedikit suam, dan kami semua menghilangkan dahaga kami dari jug semula jadi ini. Setelah berjalan lebih jauh, kami menemui hutan lagi, tetapi ia lebih kerdil dan lebih terhad daripada di bawah, dan setelah melalui rabung dan menuruni lembah, kami tiba di puncak yang dipisahkan dari puncak sebenar gunung oleh sebuah gaung yang agak besar. Di sini, pengangkut barang kami menyerah kalah dan mengaku tidak dapat membawa beban mereka lebih jauh; dan sememangnya pendakian ke puncak tertinggi sangat curam. Namun, di tempat kami berhenti, tiada air, sedangkan di puncak tertinggi terdapat mata air, jadi kami memutuskan untuk meneruskan perjalanan tanpa mereka dan hanya membawa barang yang diperlukan. Kami membahagikan selimut dan bekalan makanan di kalangan kami, lalu meneruskan perjalanan hanya dengan orang tua Melayu itu dan anaknya.

Setelah kami menuruni pelana antara dua puncak, kami mendapati pendakian seterusnya sangat mencabar disebabkan cerunnya yang sangat curam sehingga sering memerlukan kami memanjat menggunakan tangan. Kawasan tanah ditutupi tumbuh-tumbuhan renek dan lumut setinggi lutut di atas lapisan daun yang mereput serta batu-batan yang tidak rata. Pendakian ini memakan masa selama satu jam untuk sampai ke satu cerun kecil yang terletak betul-betul di bawah puncak, di mana terdapat formasi batu tergantung yang menyediakan tempat berteduh yang selesa, serta kolam kecil yang mengumpulkan air yang menitis. Di sini kami meletakkan bebanan kami, dan selepas beberapa minit, kami berjaya berdiri di puncak Gunung Ledang pada ketinggian 4,000 kaki dari aras laut. Puncaknya adalah satu dataran berbatu kecil yang ditumbuhi rododendron dan tumbuh-tumbuhan renek lain. Pada waktu petang, langit cerah dan pemandangan yang terbentang adalah rangkaian bukit dan lembah yang semuanya dilitupi hutan yang luas serta sungai-sungai yang berliku-liku melaluinya. Namun begitu, pemandangan hutan dari jauh kelihatan agak monoton, dan tiada gunung tropika yang saya daki menawarkan panorama yang menyamai pemandangan dari Gunung Snowdon, sementara pemandangan di Switzerland jauh lebih mengagumkan. Ketika memasak kopi, saya mengambil bacaan menggunakan termometer takat didih dan simpiometer, dan kemudian kami menikmati makan malam kami sambil menyaksikan pemandangan yang luas di hadapan kami. Malam itu tenang dan suhunya sangat sederhana. Setelah menyediakan tempat tidur daripada ranting dan dahan, kami meletakkan selimut di atasnya dan tidur dengan selesa. Pengusung barang kami mengikuti selepas berehat, hanya membawa beras untuk dimasak, dan bernasib baik kami tidak memerlukan barang-barang lain yang ditinggalkan mereka. Pada pagi hari berikutnya, saya sempat menangkap beberapa spesies rama-rama dan kumbang, manakala rakan saya menemui beberapa spesimen cengkerang darat. Selepas itu, kami memulakan perjalanan turun dengan membawa spesimen paku-pakis dan periuk kera dari kawasan Padang-batu.

Lokasi perkhemahan awal kami di kaki gunung terasa sangat suram, jadi kami memutuskan untuk memilih satu lagi tapak di kawasan berpaya berhampiran sungai yang ditumbuhi tumbuh-tumbuhan Zingiberaceae. Kawasan itu mudah dibersihkan untuk membuat tempat perkhemahan. Di sini, pekerja kami membina dua pondok kecil tanpa dinding yang sekadar melindungi kami dari hujan. Kami tinggal di sini selama seminggu, menjalankan aktiviti berburu, menangkap serangga, dan menjelajah kawasan hutan di kaki gunung. Kawasan ini merupakan habitat burung kuang besar, dan kami sering mendengar suaranya. Apabila saya meminta seorang lelaki tua Melayu untuk menembak seekor burung tersebut, dia menjelaskan bahawa walaupun dia telah berburu di hutan ini selama dua puluh tahun, dia tidak pernah menembak seekor pun burung kuang besar, malah tidak pernah melihatnya melainkan selepas ia ditangkap. Burung ini sangat pemalu dan berhati-hati, bergerak dengan pantas di kawasan hutan yang paling padat, menyebabkan ia sukar untuk didekati. Warna suramnya yang kelihatan cantik di muzium sebenarnya sangat serasi dengan daun-daun mati di kawasan habitatnya, menjadikannya sukar untuk dilihat. Semua spesimen yang dijual di Melaka biasanya ditangkap menggunakan perangkap, dan walaupun pemberi maklumat saya tidak pernah menembaknya, dia telah menangkap banyak burung ini dengan perangkap.

Di kawasan ini, harimau dan badak sumbu masih ditemui, dan beberapa tahun lalu, gajah juga banyak terdapat di sini, walaupun kini populasi mereka telah berkurangan. Kami menemui beberapa longgokan najis yang kelihatan seperti milik gajah, serta jejak badak sumbu, tetapi tidak melihat sebarang haiwan tersebut. Bagaimanapun, kami terus menyalakan api sepanjang malam sekiranya haiwan-haiwan tersebut datang menghampiri, dan dua orang pekerja kami mendakwa bahawa mereka sempat melihat seekor badak sumbu pada satu hari. Setelah bekalan beras kami habis dan kotak spesimen kami penuh, kami kembali ke Air Panas, dan beberapa hari kemudian meneruskan perjalanan ke Melaka, sebelum akhirnya ke Singapura. Gunung Ledang terkenal dengan risiko demam, dan rakan-rakan kami sangat terkejut dengan keputusan kami untuk tinggal begitu lama di kaki gunung tersebut. Walau bagaimanapun, kami semua bernasib baik kerana tiada seorang pun mengalami masalah kesihatan, dan saya akan sentiasa mengenang perjalanan ini sebagai pengalaman pertama saya mendaki gunung di kawasan tropika Timur.

Catatan ini ringkas disebabkan oleh kehilangan beberapa surat peribadi dan buku catatan, serta kertas kerja mengenai Melaka dan Gunung Ledang yang dihantar kepada Persatuan Geografi Diraja tetapi tidak dibaca atau diterbitkan kerana kesibukan pada akhir sesi, dan manuskripnya kini tidak lagi dapat dikesan. Namun, saya tidak terlalu menyesal, kerana banyak karya telah ditulis tentang kawasan ini. Saya juga memang berniat untuk tidak memberikan terlalu banyak perincian tentang perjalanan saya di kawasan barat yang lebih dikenali di kepulauan ini, supaya saya boleh memberi lebih ruang kepada kawasan yang lebih terpencil, yang kurang mendapat perhatian dalam penulisan bahasa Inggeris.

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The Enigmatic 1876 Perak Map

Source: Social Media

In 1876, a Malay map of Perak, based on W.E. Maxwell’s notes and sourced from MS 46943 at the Royal Asiatic Society in London, was published in Barbara Andaya’s work, “Perak: The Abode of Grace: A Study of an Eighteenth Century Malay State” (1979). In this map, some words, including place names and court noble titles, have been transliterated by Andaya. The Arabic numerals enclosed in circles serve as the author’s annotations, aiding in the transliteration and translation of Jawi text into Romanized Malay and English.

This map may strike readers as unusual, as it lacks common features found in contemporary geographical maps, such as border lines, legends, a metrical scale, and a compass. In the Malay text “Misa Melayu,” the term “peta” (map) doesn’t appear in its base form but rather as a passive verb twice: once to describe the vivid imagery of a noble (Orangkaya Temenggung) conjured in one’s thoughts and another time to depict the creation of a blueprint for a ship.

It becomes apparent that the 1876 map wasn’t primarily a navigational tool for the Malays of eighteenth-century Perak. Instead, it served as a representation of human imagination, depicting the riverine state on paper.

As part of the collection of historical documents concerning Perak’s statecraft in the eighteenth century, the 1876 map holds immense historical value. It tells an alternative story of how the state may have been envisioned in the past, intertwining the flow of the Perak River and its tributaries with the titles of court royals.

When examining this map alongside “Misa Melayu,” a text that not only celebrates the present but also the signs of that era—such as a new city, a fort, or a mosque—it’s possible to see the map itself as a representation of the present or modernity. However, it remains as enigmatic as the text. It’s plausible that this map, much like “Misa Melayu,” was created at the request of a modernized sultan who aimed to present the state in a way understandable to Europeans and other foreign elites or merchants engaging with the state government at that time.

One can easily imagine the map being kept by Perak’s elites, possibly within the sultan’s regalia, similar to depictions of European monarchs with globes or maps in the background in old paintings. Like many maps from the 1800s and earlier, the 1876 map was likely a repository of knowledge considered secret, sacred, and accessible only to a select few—the royal elites and British officers.

In the past, Jawi script was widely used, even by British colonial authorities. It raises the question of why, in contemporary times, many Malaysians seem to be moving away from its use and not actively preserving it. This comment highlights an intriguing aspect of cultural and linguistic shifts that merit further exploration in the context of Jawi script and its cultural significance in Malaysia.

Sources: FB: The Interesting Historical Facts of Malaysia

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The Unconventional Malay Map

Source: Social Media

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

In the world of cartography, where precision and accuracy are highly valued, there exists a fascinating anomaly known as the “Malay Map.” This mysterious map, devoid of proper cartographic and geographical elements, offers a remarkable insight into the past when technology and orientation played a very different role in mapping the world.

The origins of the Malay Map are shrouded in mystery, with no known cartographer to claim authorship. What sets it apart from conventional maps is its striking departure from modern cartographic standards. Unlike contemporary maps that meticulously adhere to precise geographic coordinates, the Malay Map offers a unique perspective rooted in human perception rather than mathematical accuracy.

One of the most striking features of the Malay Map is its disregard for proper orientation. In today’s world, we are accustomed to maps that consistently display north at the top. However, this map challenges our expectations. It presents locations in a manner that reflects how people naturally view the world around them, rather than adhering to standardized directional conventions.

This unconventional approach to mapping is not a result of ignorance but rather a testament to the technological limitations of its time. The Malay Map was created in an era when the tools and resources available for cartography were vastly different from what we have today. These limitations forced mapmakers to rely on human perspective and local knowledge, rather than the precise measurements and satellite technology we enjoy today.

One of the most remarkable achievements of the Malay Map is its ability to position cities and states, albeit with less accuracy compared to modern maps. This feat is a testament to the skill and knowledge of the mapmakers of that era. They managed to represent the world around them with remarkable precision given the tools and techniques at their disposal.

Today, when we compare the Malay Map to contemporary maps, it may seem quaint and imprecise. However, we should view it with admiration for the resourcefulness of the people who created it. This map provides us with a glimpse into a time when mapping the world was an art as much as it was a science.

The Malay Map serves as a reminder that our understanding of the world is ever-evolving, shaped by technology, culture, and the tools at our disposal. It prompts us to appreciate the ingenuity of those who came before us and laid the foundation for the advanced cartography we enjoy today. In its unconventional nature, the Malay Map reveals the rich tapestry of human history and the diverse ways in which we have sought to make sense of our world.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). The Unconventional Malay Map. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=7124 (Accessed: 19 September 2023).
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Exploring the Essence of Silat: Tradition, Techniques, and Cultural Significance

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

The term “Silat” refers to an art of self-defense encompassing the understanding of movement to protect oneself, involving techniques employing weaponry or unarmed combat. Silat is synonymous with the indigenous martial arts of the Nusantara region, spanning countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Borneo, and other Southeast Asian nations. According to the Kamus Dewan dictionary, the term “trickery” is denoted as “elak,” while in the northern dialect of Tanah Melayu, it is referred to as “elat.” A theory posits that “Silat” has its origins in “si-ilat,” which means “one skilled in deception.” Furthermore, “Silat” can also connote “silap” in Malay Language or “error” or “blame,” as certain Silat movements are devised to perplex adversaries, leading them to commit errors in their attacks or defenses.

Humans are inherently inclined to safeguard themselves and escape danger. These movements stem from an instinct that is difficult to articulate, as opposed to being arbitrary actions. This inspiration manifests in various ways, including dreams, insights derived from meditation, and observations of animal movements. The genuine source of this inspiration arises from the Inspirer (refer to Sifat 20 in Islamic teachings). It finds expression through artistic movements referred to as “Bunga.” These movements carry a range of implicit meanings, giving rise to actions such as parrying, palm strikes, punching, grappling, opponent takedowns, stepping, and more. These abstract motions are believed to conceal numerous secret and intricate maneuvers.

At its core, the structure of Silat learning is divided into two components: “Bunga” and “Buah.” “Bunga” represents the foundational movements in Silat. Subsequently, these movements are organized to form the core of Silat, known as “Buah.” There exists a misconception that “Bunga” merely constitutes a dance performance. Some practitioners memorize the “Bunga” without comprehending its underlying secrets. Such individuals lack historical understanding and a genuine grasp of the essence of “Bunga” in Silat. “Bunga” movements draw inspiration from the founder of a particular Silat style and constitute the cornerstone of that martial art. For instance, the Silat Gayong Fatani is rooted in the “Bunga Sembah.”

“Bunga” serves as an introduction to a specific Silat style and is termed “Bunga Sembah.” Occasionally, “Bunga” is performed at ceremonies such as weddings and festive occasions, becoming emblematic of a particular martial art style. Observing these movements allows for the identification of the practiced Silat variant. This is pivotal to avert practitioners engaging in conflicts within their own school.

“Jurus,” also recognized as “Belebat,” are swift and repetitive movements designed to familiarize practitioners with specific techniques. Repetition ingrains these movements in their instincts, enabling them to execute these techniques in actual combat situations. For instance, a practitioner might step while simultaneously parrying with the left hand and striking with the right hand in a swift motion. In contrast to “Bunga,” “Jurus” movements are more forceful and direct. They can be executed with weapons or bare hands. “Jurus” serve as repetitive drills to embed attacking and defensive movements in a practitioner’s muscle memory, enabling effective execution in real combat scenarios.

“Buah Silat” constitutes a fusion of movements derived from the foundational “Bunga” motions. It is also referred to as “Buah Pukul.” This entails a sequence of steps to counter an attack until the adversary is subdued, adhering to a predetermined pattern of movements. “Buah Silat” is curated by the founders of Silat styles, assigned names, and structured into a systematic curriculum based on proficiency levels. Students must commit all these “Buah” patterns to memory according to their levels, and these are distinguished by specific techniques until their training is completed. This pedagogical approach is perpetuated by Silat instructors in their training environments.

In conclusion, Malay Silat boasts an extensive history and a diverse array of forms and styles. Its authenticity and techniques are preserved through intergenerational transmission and learning. It serves as a crucial cultural identity for the Malay community and can only be upheld through continued study and practice. Without this, Malay Silat might wane, persisting solely in written accounts, visuals, and films.

Source of the original article: http://asalsilat.blogspot.com/2015/04/asal-usul-silat.html

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Exploring the Essence of Silat: Tradition, Techniques, and Cultural Significance. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6782 (Accessed: 28 August 2023).
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Methodology to Analyse the Factors that Contribute to the Underdevelopment of Malay Reserve Land

To analyze the factors that contribute to the underdevelopment of Malay Reserve Land in Malaysia using GIS, the following methodology can be employed:

  1. Data collection: Collect data on the factors that contribute to the underdevelopment of Malay Reserve Land, such as land use restrictions, infrastructure, land ownership, access to markets, and environmental challenges. The data can be obtained from various sources, such as government agencies, research studies, and community surveys.
  2. Spatial data acquisition: Obtain spatial data related to the Malay Reserve Land, such as land boundaries, land use patterns, infrastructure networks, and environmental data. This data can be obtained from various sources, such as government agencies, satellite imagery, and field surveys.
  3. Data integration: Integrate the spatial data with the non-spatial data to create a comprehensive database. The database should be organized in a way that allows for easy analysis of the factors that contribute to the underdevelopment of Malay Reserve Land.
  4. Data analysis: Use GIS tools and techniques to analyze the spatial and non-spatial data. This can involve spatial analysis, such as overlay analysis, buffer analysis, and spatial statistics, as well as non-spatial analysis, such as statistical analysis and data visualization. This involves using GIS tools to identify patterns and relationships between different factors. For example, one could use GIS tools to identify areas where land fragmentation is high and where access to infrastructure is low. Once the spatial analysis is complete, correlation analysis can be conducted to identify the relationships between different factors. For example, one could examine the correlation between land use restrictions and access to financing.
  5. Map production: Produce maps that illustrate the spatial patterns of the factors that contribute to the underdevelopment of Malay Reserve Land. These maps can be used to identify areas where development efforts are most needed and to prioritize development initiatives. This can be done using various GIS tools such as maps, graphs, and charts.
  6. Decision-making: Use the results of the analysis to inform decision-making related to the development of Malay Reserve Land. This can involve identifying areas where infrastructure investments are needed, promoting the development of specific industries, or providing targeted assistance to landowners in areas with limited access to financing or education and training opportunities.

Overall, the use of GIS can provide a powerful tool for analyzing the factors that contribute to the underdevelopment of Malay Reserve Land in Malaysia. By integrating spatial and non-spatial data, GIS can help to identify areas where development efforts are most needed and inform decision-making related to the development of Malay Reserve Land.

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Factors that contribute to the underdevelopment of Malay Reserve Land in Malaysia

There are several factors that contribute to the underdevelopment of Malay Reserve Land in Malaysia. These factors include:

  1. Lack of access to financing: Many Malay landowners may not have access to financing or may not be able to secure loans due to a lack of collateral or credit history. This limits their ability to invest in their land or business.
  2. Limited knowledge and skills: Many Malay landowners may lack the necessary knowledge and skills to develop their land or start a business. This can include skills related to agriculture, livestock management, and entrepreneurship. As a result, they may struggle to effectively manage their resources and increase productivity.
  3. Fragmented ownership: Malay Reserve Land is often owned by multiple individuals or families, which can make it difficult to coordinate development efforts or make decisions about how to use the land. This can lead to disagreements and delays in implementing development projects.
  4. Inadequate infrastructure: Many Malay Reserve Land areas lack basic infrastructure such as roads, water supply, and electricity, which can hinder development efforts. This makes it difficult to transport goods, access markets, and provide basic services to communities.
  5. Land use restrictions: The National Land Code imposes certain restrictions on the use of Malay Reserve Land, which can limit the types of economic activities that can take place on the land. This can create barriers to entrepreneurship and restrict the ability of landowners to maximize the potential of their land.
  6. Limited access to markets: Many Malay Reserve Land areas are located in remote or rural areas, which can limit access to markets and customers, making it difficult for landowners to sell their products or services. This can also result in higher transportation costs and lower profit margins.
  7. Lack of government support: Despite efforts by the government to promote the development of Malay Reserve Land, many landowners feel that they are not receiving adequate support or assistance from the government. This can lead to frustration and a lack of motivation to invest in their land or business.
  8. Limited access to technology: Access to modern technology can be limited in some areas of Malay Reserve Land, which can make it difficult to adopt new practices or improve production methods. This can result in lower productivity and lower quality products.
  9. Environmental challenges: Some Malay Reserve Land areas may be prone to environmental challenges such as drought, flooding, or soil erosion, which can affect agricultural production and hinder economic development. This can result in crop failures, loss of income, and increased poverty.
  10. Cultural and social factors: Cultural and social factors may also contribute to underdevelopment, such as a lack of interest in commercial activities, or traditional customs that conflict with modern development practices. This can create resistance to change and limit the adoption of new ideas and practices.
  11. Land ownership disputes: In some Malay Reserve Land areas, land ownership disputes can arise due to unclear boundaries or competing claims from multiple parties. This can create legal uncertainties, prevent landowners from making investment and development decisions, and hinder progress.
  12. Limited government investment: Despite efforts by the government to promote the development of Malay Reserve Land, some areas may receive limited government investment, which can result in disparities between different regions and hinder progress.
  13. Limited participation in government programs: Some Malay landowners may not be aware of or choose not to participate in government programs that are designed to promote economic development. This can limit their access to resources and support that could help them develop their land.
  14. Limited access to education and training: A lack of access to education and training opportunities can be a barrier to economic development, as it limits the ability of individuals to acquire new skills and knowledge that are essential for business and agricultural success.
  15. Lack of formal land titles: Many Malay Reserve Land areas lack formal land titles, which can create difficulties for landowners in obtaining financing, selling their land, or making development decisions.
  16. Limited access to resources: Some Malay Reserve Land areas may lack access to basic resources such as water, fuel, or building materials, which can make it difficult to start or expand a business or improve living conditions.
  17. Insufficient local markets: Even if the infrastructure is in place, some Malay Reserve Land areas may have limited demand for goods and services, which can limit the potential for economic growth.
  18. Limited transportation infrastructure: Poor road networks or limited access to transportation infrastructure can make it difficult for businesses to transport goods or access markets.
  19. Insufficient policy support: While the government has made some efforts to promote development of Malay Reserve Land, there may be gaps in policy support that hinder progress.
  20. Limited access to credit: Even if Malay landowners have access to financing, they may face challenges in obtaining credit on favorable terms due to their credit history or other factors, which can limit their ability to make investments in their land or business.

Some of the factors in the list have elements of spatial factors, such as:

  1. Inadequate infrastructure: This factor may include the lack of basic infrastructure, such as roads, water supply, and electricity, in certain areas, which could limit the ability to develop or access certain parts of the land.
  2. Limited access to markets: This factor may be influenced by spatial factors, such as the remote or rural location of some Malay Reserve Land areas, which may make it difficult to access markets and customers.
  3. Environmental challenges: Some Malay Reserve Land areas may be more prone to environmental challenges, such as drought, flooding, or soil erosion, which could be related to the geographic location and landscape of the land.
  4. Land ownership disputes: Land ownership disputes could be influenced by spatial factors such as the complexity of land tenure systems in certain areas, or disputes over boundaries and access to specific parcels of land.
  5. Limited government investment: The distribution of government investment across different regions could be influenced by spatial factors, with certain areas potentially receiving less investment due to their location or other factors.
  6. Insufficient local markets: The potential for insufficient local markets could be related to the geographic location and population density of certain areas.
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Exploring the Replacement of Malay Reserve Land in Malaysia: Analysis of Successful and Unsuccessful Cases and the Role of GIS

Replacement of Malay Reserve Land refers to the process of replacing land that has been designated as reserve land for the Malay community with alternative land that can be used for other purposes. This process can occur for a variety of reasons, including the development of infrastructure projects, urbanization, and changes in land use patterns.

One of the main reasons for the replacement of Malay Reserve Land is the development of infrastructure projects. These projects, such as highways, airports, and housing developments, often require large tracts of land, and if that land happens to be designated as reserve land for the Malay community, it may need to be replaced. In such cases, the government will typically compensate the affected community by providing alternative land that is of equal or greater value.

Another reason for the replacement of Malay Reserve Land is urbanization. As cities and towns expand, the demand for land increases, and the reserve land for the Malay community may be sought after for housing or commercial development. In such cases, the government may also compensate the affected community with alternative land. However, it is important to note that replacement of Malay Reserve Land should be done in a way that is fair and equitable for all parties involved, and that the rights and interests of the affected community are protected throughout the process.

When choosing a suitable land for replacement, there are several parameters and indicators that can be used to ensure that the land is of equal or greater value compared to the reserve land being replaced. Some of these parameters and indicators include:

  1. Location: The replacement land should be located in an area that is easily accessible and has good transportation links. This will ensure that the affected community can still access the necessary amenities and services.
  2. Size: The replacement land should be of similar or larger size compared to the reserve land being replaced. This will ensure that the affected community has enough land to continue their activities and livelihoods.
  3. Quality: The replacement land should be of similar or better quality compared to the reserve land being replaced. This includes factors such as soil quality, topography, and the presence of natural resources.
  4. Zoning: The replacement land should be zoned for similar or compatible uses compared to the reserve land being replaced. For example, if the reserve land was used for agriculture, the replacement land should also be zoned for agriculture or a similar use.
  5. Ownership: The replacement land should be owned by the government or be available for purchase by the affected community. This will ensure that the affected community has the right to use and develop the land in the future.
  6. Environmental Impact: The replacement land should not have any negative impact on the environment, such as deforestation or water pollution.

By considering these parameters and indicators, the government can ensure that the replacement land is suitable and fair for the affected community. Additionally, the government should consult with the community and take their feedback into consideration when choosing the replacement land.

There are several examples of land that can be used for replacement:

  1. Agricultural land: If the reserve land being replaced was used for agriculture, the replacement land should also be suitable for agriculture. This could include land with fertile soil, good drainage, and access to water sources.
  2. Residential land: If the reserve land was used for housing, the replacement land should also be suitable for housing. This could include land with good access to transportation, schools, and other amenities.
  3. Industrial land: If the reserve land was used for industrial purposes, the replacement land should also be suitable for industrial use. This could include land that is located near transportation infrastructure and has access to power and water sources.
  4. Forest land: If the reserve land was used for forestry, the replacement land should also be suitable for forestry. This could include land that has a good tree cover and is located in an area with similar ecological conditions.
  5. Commercial land: If the reserve land was used for commercial purposes, the replacement land should also be suitable for commercial use. This could include land that is located in a central area, has good access to transportation, and is zoned for commercial use.
  6. Recreational land: If the reserve land was used for recreational activities, the replacement land should also be suitable for recreational activities. This could include land that is located near natural areas, such as lakes or parks, and has good access to transportation.

It’s important to note that replacement land should be chosen based on the specific needs of the affected community and the intended use of the reserve land that’s being replaced.

There have been successful cases of replacement of Malay Reserve Land in Malaysia.The first example, the replacement of Malay Reserve Land in the state of Selangor for the development of the Bandar Baru Bangi housing project, was a project that involved the development of a large housing project on land that was designated as reserve land for the Malay community. The government recognized the importance of this land to the community and therefore, decided to compensate the affected community by providing alternative land that was of equal or greater value. The replacement land was located in the nearby area of Kajang and was suitable for housing and agriculture. The government consulted with the community throughout the process and provided them with detailed information about the replacement land, including its location, size, and quality. The community was satisfied with the compensation provided by the government and the new land was used for housing and agriculture, which were the intended uses of the original reserve land.

The second example, the replacement of Malay Reserve Land in the state of Johor for the development of the Iskandar Malaysia development project, was a large-scale development project that required the use of land that was designated as reserve land for the Malay community. The government recognized the importance of this land to the community and therefore decided to compensate the affected community by providing alternative land that was of equal or greater value. The replacement land was located in the nearby area of Senai and was suitable for housing, agriculture, and commercial use. The government consulted with the community throughout the process and provided them with detailed information about the replacement land, including its location, size, and quality. The community was satisfied with the compensation provided by the government and the new land was used for housing, agriculture, and commercial purposes, which were the intended uses of the original reserve land.

In both cases, the government ensured that the replacement land was of equal or greater value compared to the reserve land that was being replaced. They also consulted with the community and provided them with detailed information about the replacement land, which helped them to understand the benefits of the replacement land and how it would be used in the future.

However, there have been some unsuccessful cases of replacement of Malay Reserve Land in Malaysia. These cases may have occurred due to a lack of proper consultation with the affected community, lack of transparency in the process, or the provision of alternative land that was not of equal or greater value compared to the reserve land being replaced.

One example of an unsuccessful case is the replacement of Malay Reserve Land in the state of Kelantan for the development of a hydroelectric dam. In this case, the community was not consulted throughout the process, and the alternative land provided was not of equal or greater value compared to the reserve land being replaced. The community was not satisfied with the compensation provided by the government and felt that their rights and interests were not protected.

Another example is the replacement of Malay Reserve Land in the state of Perak for the development of a housing project. In this case, the community was not consulted throughout the process, and the alternative land provided was not suitable for the intended use, which was agriculture. The community was not satisfied with the compensation provided by the government and felt that their rights and interests were not protected.

These examples demonstrate that it is important to consult with the community and provide alternative land that is of equal or greater value, and suitable for the intended use, throughout the process of replacement of Malay Reserve Land to ensure it is done in a fair and equitable manner and the rights and interests of the affected community are protected.

If you want to conduct a study on the replacement of Malay Reserve Land, there are several steps that you should take:

  1. Define the research question: Clearly define the research question, such as “What are the factors that affect the replacement of Malay Reserve Land in Malaysia? ” or “How can the replacement of Malay Reserve Land be done in a fair and equitable manner? “
  2. Develop a research design: Develop a research design that includes the methods that will be used to collect and analyze data, such as site inspections, surveys, and historical data analysis.
  3. Conduct a literature review: Conduct a literature review to gather information about the existing research on the replacement of Malay Reserve Land. This will help to identify gaps in knowledge and guide the research design.
  4. Collect data: Collect data using the methods that were identified in the research design. This could include conducting site inspections, surveys, and historical data analysis.
  5. Analyze data: Analyze the data that was collected using statistical and GIS methods. This will help to identify patterns and trends that can help to answer the research question.
  6. Interpret the results: Interpret the results and make conclusions about the research question.
  7. Communicate the results: Communicate the results to the relevant stakeholders, such as government agencies, community groups, and academics. This can be done through written reports, presentations, and workshops.

It’s important to consider ethical considerations when conducting the study, such as obtaining informed consent from the participants and ensuring that their privacy and confidentiality are protected. Also, it’s essential to work closely with the community and the government throughout the process to ensure that their needs and perspectives are understood and incorporated into the study.

The expected results of a study on the replacement of Malay Reserve Land will depend on the specific research question that is being investigated. However, some possible outcomes of such a study may include:

  1. Identification of factors that affect the replacement of Malay Reserve Land: The study may identify factors such as location, size, quality, zoning, ownership, and environmental impact that affect the replacement of Malay Reserve Land.
  2. Understanding of the community’s needs and preferences: The study may provide insights into the community’s needs and preferences for the replacement land, which can help to ensure that the replacement land is suitable for the intended use and that the rights and interests of the affected community are protected.
  3. Identification of best practices: The study may identify best practices for the replacement of Malay Reserve Land, such as consultation with the community, providing alternative land that is of equal or greater value, and using GIS to analyze data.
  4. Recommendations for policy and decision-making: The study may provide recommendations for policy and decision-making on the replacement of Malay Reserve Land, such as how to ensure that the replacement land is suitable for the intended use and that the rights and interests of the affected community are protected.
  5. Improved understanding of the context of the replacement of Malay Reserve Land: The study may provide a more comprehensive understanding of the context of the replacement of Malay Reserve Land, including the historical and political context, as well as the social and economic context.
  6. Future research directions: The study may suggest future research directions that can help to improve the understanding of the replacement of Malay Reserve Land and how to ensure that it is done in a fair and equitable manner.

Ultimately, the expected results of the study will depend on the specific research question and methods used, but the study will provide valuable information and insights that can be used to improve the replacement of Malay Reserve Land in the future.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be used to identify the parameters and indicators when choosing a suitable land for replacement. GIS is a technology that allows for the collection, storage, and analysis of spatial data. It can be used to create maps and visualize data in a way that is easy to understand. Some of the ways that GIS can be used to identify the parameters and indicators include:

  1. Location: GIS can be used to create maps that show the location of the replacement land in relation to other features such as transportation infrastructure, schools, and other amenities. This can help to ensure that the replacement land is easily accessible and has good transportation links.
  2. Size: GIS can be used to create maps that show the size of the replacement land in relation to the reserve land that is being replaced. This can help to ensure that the replacement land is of similar or larger size compared to the reserve land being replaced.
  3. Quality: GIS can be used to create maps that show the quality of the replacement land in relation to the reserve land that is being replaced. This can include factors such as soil quality, topography, and the presence of natural resources.
  4. Zoning: GIS can be used to create maps that show the zoning of the replacement land in relation to the reserve land that is being replaced. This can help to ensure that the replacement land is zoned for similar or compatible uses compared to the reserve land being replaced.
  5. Ownership: GIS can be used to create maps that show the ownership of the replacement land in relation to the reserve land that is being replaced. This can help to ensure that the replacement land is owned by the government or is available for purchase by the affected community.
  6. Environmental Impact: GIS can be used to create maps that show the environmental impact of the replacement land in relation to the reserve land that is being replaced. This can help to ensure that the replacement land does not have any negative impact on the environment, such as deforestation or water pollution.

Overall, GIS can be a powerful tool in the identification of the parameters and indicators when choosing a suitable land for replacement. It enables the government to visualize and analyze data in a way that is easy to understand and make a better decision that will be beneficial for all parties involved.

However, there are other ways to identify the parameters and indicators when choosing a suitable land for replacement besides using GIS. Some of these ways include:

  1. Site inspections: Site inspections involve physically visiting the replacement land and evaluating it based on the parameters and indicators. This can include assessing the location, size, quality, zoning, ownership, and environmental impact of the land.
  2. Surveys and questionnaires: Surveys and questionnaires can be used to gather information from the affected community about their needs and preferences for the replacement land. This information can be used to identify the parameters and indicators that are important to the community.
  3. Historical data analysis: Historical data analysis involves using existing data and information about the reserve land and the surrounding area to identify the parameters and indicators. This could include information about land use patterns, population demographics, and economic activity.
  4. Remote sensing: Remote sensing involves using technology such as satellite imagery and aerial photography to gather information about the replacement land. This information can be used to identify the parameters and indicators such as size, quality, and environmental impact of the land.
  5. Consultation with experts: Consultation with experts in various fields such as urban planning, environmental science, and agriculture can provide additional information and insights about the replacement land. This can help to identify the parameters and indicators that are relevant to the intended use of the land.

These methods can be used individually or in combination to identify the parameters and indicators when choosing a suitable land for replacement. It’s important to consider the specific needs of the affected community and the intended use of the reserve land that’s being replaced when selecting the appropriate method.

In summary, replacement of Malay Reserve Land refers to the process of replacing land that has been designated as reserve land for the Malay community with alternative land that can be used for other purposes. This process can occur for a variety of reasons, such as the development of infrastructure projects, urbanization, and changes in land use patterns. The replacement of Malay Reserve Land should be done in a way that is fair and equitable for all parties involved, and that the rights and interests of the affected community are protected throughout the process.

GIS can be used to identify the parameters and indicators when choosing a suitable land for replacement, by creating maps and visualizing data in a way that is easy to understand. However, there are other ways to identify the parameters and indicators like site inspections, surveys, historical data analysis, remote sensing, and consultation with experts.

There have been several successful cases of replacement of Malay Reserve Land in Malaysia, such as the Bandar Baru Bangi housing project, and the Iskandar Malaysia development project, where the government provided the affected community with alternative land that was of equal or greater value and located in a nearby area, and suitable for the intended use. Also, there have been some unsuccessful cases where the community was not consulted throughout the process, and the alternative land provided was not of equal or greater value compared to the reserve land being replaced.

In conclusion, the replacement of Malay Reserve Land is a complex process that requires proper consultation with the affected community, transparency, and provision of alternative land that is of equal or greater value and suitable for the intended use. GIS can be used as a powerful tool to identify the parameters and indicators when choosing a suitable land for replacement, but other methods can also be used. It’s important to consider the specific needs of the affected community and the intended use of the reserve land that’s being replaced when selecting the appropriate method. The government should also ensure that the replacement land is of equal or greater value compared to the reserve land being replaced, and that the rights and interests of the affected community are protected throughout the process. In order to achieve a fair and equitable replacement of Malay Reserve Land, it’s essential to consult with the community and provide them with detailed information about the replacement land, which will help them to understand the benefits of the replacement land and how it would be used in the future.

 

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Using GIS to Analyze The Factors That Contribute to The Underdevelopment of Malay Reserve Land

Introduction

Malay Reserve Land refers to land that is designated for the exclusive use and benefit of ethnic Malays and other indigenous communities in Malaysia. This land is typically managed by the government and is protected under the Malay Reservation Enactment of 1933.

The development of Malay Reserve Land is a complex issue that has been the subject of much debate in Malaysia. On one hand, there is a need to protect the rights and interests of ethnic Malays and other indigenous communities, who have traditionally relied on these lands for their livelihoods. On the other hand, there is also a need to promote economic development and improve the standard of living for all Malaysians.

The government has implemented various policies and programs to support the development of Malay Reserve Land, such as providing financial assistance for small farmers and promoting sustainable agriculture. Additionally, there have been efforts to increase the value of the land by developing infrastructure and promoting tourism.

However, there have also been criticisms of the way in which Malay Reserve Land is managed, with some arguing that the government’s policies have led to the displacement of indigenous communities and the loss of traditional livelihoods. Furthermore, there have also been concerns about the lack of transparency and accountability in the management of these lands.

The development of Malay Reserve Land is a complex issue that requires a balance between protecting the rights and interests of ethnic Malays and other indigenous communities, while also promoting economic development and improving the standard of living for all Malaysians. It is important for the government to continue to review and improve its policies and programs to ensure that they are effective and equitable for all stakeholders.

Factors That Contribute to The Underdevelopment of Malay Reserve Land

  1. Lack of government support: One of the main factors that contribute to the underdevelopment of Malay Reserve Land is the lack of government support and investment in these areas. Many of these lands are located in rural and remote areas, and they often lack basic infrastructure and services such as roads, electricity, and clean water.
  2. Lack of education and skills: Many individuals living in Malay Reserve Land have limited access to education and vocational training, which can hinder their ability to find employment or start their own businesses. This lack of education and skills can contribute to the underdevelopment of these areas.
  3. Limited access to credit: Many small farmers and entrepreneurs living in Malay Reserve Land have limited access to credit and loans, which can make it difficult for them to invest in their land or businesses. This lack of access to credit can contribute to the underdevelopment of these areas.
  4. Environmental degradation: Malay Reserve Land is often used for agriculture and forestry, and if not managed sustainably, it can lead to environmental degradation, which can further contribute to the underdevelopment of these areas.
  5. Political interference: The maladministration of Malay Reserve Land by the government officials, politicians and other stakeholders with vested interest can lead to the underdevelopment of these areas. This can occur when government officials or politicians use their power to allocate land or resources to their own benefit, rather than in the best interest of the community.
  6. Traditional land use practices: Traditional land use practices may be seen as a hindrance to the development of Malay Reserve Land. For instance, the use of slash and burn farming techniques or the overuse of natural resources may be seen as detrimental to the development of these areas.

The underdevelopment of Malay Reserve Land is a complex issue that is influenced by a variety of factors, including lack of government support, lack of education and skills, limited access to credit, environmental degradation, political interference, and traditional land use practices. Addressing these issues and implementing policies and programs that promote sustainable development and support the rights and interests of ethnic Malays and other indigenous communities will be crucial in promoting the development of Malay Reserve Land.

How GIS Can be Used?

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a powerful tool that can be used to analyze the factors that contribute to the underdevelopment of Malay Reserve Land. Here are a few ways in which GIS can be used in this context:

  1. Mapping and spatial analysis: GIS can be used to create maps and perform spatial analyses of the land use, population density, and infrastructure in Malay Reserve Land. This can help identify areas that are most in need of development and resources.
  2. Environmental analysis: GIS can be used to analyze environmental factors such as soil quality, water resources, and deforestation in Malay Reserve Land. This can help identify areas that are most at risk of environmental degradation and in need of conservation and sustainable management practices.
  3. Demographic analysis: GIS can be used to analyze demographic data such as population density, education levels, and income levels in Malay Reserve Land. This can help identify areas that are most in need of education and skills development programs.
  4. Economic analysis: GIS can be used to analyze economic data such as poverty levels, employment rates, and business activity in Malay Reserve Land. This can help identify areas that are most in need of economic development programs and resources.
  5. Accessibility analysis: GIS can be used to analyze accessibility data such as road networks, public transportation, and healthcare facilities in Malay Reserve Land. This can help identify areas that are most in need of improved infrastructure and services.
  6. Stakeholder analysis: GIS can be used to analyze data on the stakeholders involved in the development of Malay Reserve Land, such as government agencies, NGOs, and local communities. This can help identify areas where collaboration and coordination among stakeholders is most needed.

GIS is a powerful tool that can be used to analyze the various factors that contribute to the underdevelopment of Malay Reserve Land. It can provide valuable insights into the land use, environmental, demographic, economic, accessibility, and stakeholder factors that need to be addressed to promote sustainable development in these areas.

How to Use GIS?

Using GIS to analyze the factors that contribute to the underdevelopment of Malay Reserve Land can be done in several steps:

  1. Data collection: The first step is to collect data on the various factors that will be analyzed. This data can include information on land use, population density, infrastructure, environmental conditions, economic indicators, and accessibility. The data can be sourced from various sources such as government agencies, NGOs, and local communities.
  2. Data preparation: Once the data is collected, it needs to be prepared for analysis. This includes cleaning, formatting, and geocoding the data so that it can be used in GIS. The data can be imported into a GIS software such as ArcGIS or QGIS.
  3. Spatial analysis: After the data is prepared, it can be used to perform spatial analysis. This includes creating maps and visualizing the data, performing overlays and queries, and using spatial statistics to identify patterns and trends. For example, a map of population density in Malay Reserve Land can be created to identify areas that are most densely populated.
  4. Interpretation and analysis: The next step is to interpret and analyze the data. This includes identifying the main issues and challenges in Malay Reserve Land, and using the data to identify areas that are most in need of development and resources. For example, an analysis of land use in Malay Reserve Land can be used to identify areas that are most suitable for sustainable agriculture.
  5. Reporting and communication: The final step is to report and communicate the findings of the analysis. This includes creating maps, charts, and tables to present the data, and writing a report that summarizes the main findings. The report can be shared with stakeholders such as government officials, NGOs, and local communities to inform decision-making and resource allocation.

Using GIS to analyze the factors that contribute to the underdevelopment of Malay Reserve Land involves collecting and preparing data, performing spatial analysis, interpreting and analyzing the data, and reporting and communicating the findings. By using GIS, valuable insights can be gained into the land use, environmental, demographic, economic, accessibility, and stakeholder factors that need to be addressed to promote sustainable development in these areas.

What Are The Expected Ouput of Using GIS

The expected outputs of using GIS to analyze the factors that contribute to the underdevelopment of Malay Reserve Land include:

  1. Maps and visualizations: GIS can be used to create maps and visualizations of the data, such as maps of land use, population density, infrastructure, environmental conditions, economic indicators, and accessibility. These maps can be used to identify areas that are most in need of development and resources.
  2. Identification of key issues and challenges: GIS can be used to identify the main issues and challenges in Malay Reserve Land, such as lack of infrastructure and services, environmental degradation, and economic challenges.
  3. Identification of priority areas: GIS can be used to identify areas that are most in need of development and resources. For example, an analysis of land use in Malay Reserve Land can be used to identify areas that are most suitable for sustainable agriculture.
  4. Reports and recommendations: GIS can be used to create reports and recommendations that summarize the main findings of the analysis. These reports can be shared with stakeholders such as government officials, NGOs, and local communities to inform decision-making and resource allocation.
  5. Better planning and decision-making: By providing a clear and detailed view of the situation, GIS can help decision-makers to better plan for the development and management of Malay Reserve Land, and to make more informed decisions about resource allocation and policy development.
  6. Improved transparency and accountability: By providing a detailed view of the land use, environmental, demographic, economic, accessibility, and stakeholder factors in Malay Reserve Land, GIS can help to improve transparency and accountability in the management of these areas.

Using GIS to analyze the factors that contribute to the underdevelopment of Malay Reserve Land can provide valuable insights and information that can be used to inform decision-making and resource allocation, and to promote sustainable development in these areas. The expected outputs include maps and visualizations, identification of key issues and challenges, identification of priority areas, reports and recommendations, better planning and decision-making and improved transparency and accountability.