Posts

Posted on

Hardware Specifications and Cost-Benefit Analysis for GIS Projects

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Introduction

Geographic Information System (GIS) projects require robust hardware configurations to effectively process and analyze spatial data. This article aims to provide undergraduate GIS students with an overview of hardware specifications and a cost-benefit analysis for GIS projects. By understanding the hardware requirements and conducting a cost-benefit analysis, students can make informed decisions when selecting hardware components for GIS applications.

  1. GIS Software Operating Systems and Hardware Requirements

    Different GIS software applications have specific operating system and hardware requirements. For instance, Esri’s ArcGIS software supports various operating systems such as Windows, MacOS (using Virtualisation), and Linux. It is crucial to review the system requirements provided by the GIS software vendor to ensure compatibility and optimal performance.
  2. Packaged Solutions for GIS Users

    Leading GIS software providers like Esri collaborate with hardware vendors to offer packaged solutions for GIS users. These solutions include servers, desktops, mobile devices, and data products that are specifically designed to work seamlessly with the GIS software. By partnering with reputable hardware vendors, GIS software providers ensure compatibility, performance, and reliability.
  3. Computer Specifications for GIS Projects

    For general GIS projects, a mid-range computer configuration is often sufficient. The following specifications are recommended:
  • Processor: Quad-core Intel Core i5 or equivalent
  • RAM: 8-16 GB
  • Storage: SSD with ample storage capacity
  • Graphics Card: Dedicated GPU with at least 2 GB VRAM
  • Operating System: Windows 10, macOS, or Linux
  1. High-End Computer Specifications for GIS Projects

    Complex GIS projects, such as large-scale data analysis and advanced 3D visualization, may require high-end computer specifications. The following recommendations are suitable for such projects:
  • Processor: Intel Core i7 or i9 (or equivalent AMD Ryzen processors)
  • RAM: 32 GB or more
  • Storage: SSD with large capacity and high read/write speeds
  • Graphics Card: High-performance dedicated GPU with 4-8 GB VRAM
  • Operating System: Windows 10 Pro or macOS
  1. Computer Display – Monitor

    GIS work heavily relies on visualizing spatial data, making a high-quality monitor essential. Consider the following factors when selecting a monitor:
  • Size: A larger display (e.g., 27 inches or larger) provides a more comfortable workspace.
  • Resolution: Higher resolutions (e.g., 1440p or 4K) offer greater detail and clarity.
  • Color Accuracy: Look for monitors with good color accuracy and wide color gamut.
  • Ergonomics: Adjustable stand and anti-glare coating can enhance comfort during long hours of work.
  1. Networking

    For GIS projects that involve sharing data across multiple devices or collaborating with others, a reliable network infrastructure is crucial. Ensure a fast and stable network connection, both wired and wireless, to optimize data transfer and communication.
  2. Data Backup

    Data backup is vital for protecting GIS project data from loss or corruption. Implement a robust backup strategy, which may include regular backups to external hard drives, cloud storage, or network-attached storage (NAS) devices. Automated backup solutions can provide convenience and peace of mind.
  3. Server Specifications for GIS Projects

    GIS projects that involve serving spatial data or running web-based applications often require dedicated servers. The following specifications are recommended:
  • Processor: Intel Xeon E5 or equivalent
  • RAM: 32 GB or more
  • Storage: RAID configuration with fast and reliable hard drives or SSDs
  • Network Interface: Gigabit Ethernet or higher for fast data transfer
  • Operating System: Server editions of Windows or Linux
  1. High-End Server Specifications for GIS Projects

    For demanding GIS applications or large-scale enterprise projects, high-end server specifications are necessary. Consider the following recommendations:
  • Processor: Dual Intel Xeon Gold or Platinum processors (or equivalent)
  • RAM: 64 GB or more (depending on project size and complexity)
  • Storage: Enterprise-grade SSDs or SAS drives in a RAID configuration for optimal performance and data redundancy
  • Network Interface: Multiple gigabit or 10-gigabit Ethernet ports for high-speed data transfer
  • Operating System: Server editions of Windows or Linux, with advanced networking and security features
  1. Intel Core i9 and Xeon Processors

    Intel Core i9 processors are high-performance CPUs suitable for demanding GIS tasks. They offer excellent single-threaded performance, which is essential for applications that cannot fully utilize multiple cores. On the other hand, Intel Xeon processors are designed for server-grade workloads and offer excellent multi-threaded performance, making them ideal for GIS projects that involve heavy data processing and parallel computing.
  2. Parallel Processing in GIS

    Projects Parallel processing can significantly speed up GIS tasks by distributing the workload across multiple processor cores or even multiple machines. Parallel computing frameworks such as CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture) or OpenCL (Open Computing Language) can be utilized to harness the power of GPUs for parallel GIS processing. However, not all GIS tasks are easily parallelizable, so it’s essential to identify which operations can benefit from parallelization.
  3. Cost-Benefit Analysis

    ROI, NPV, IRR, Payback Period When evaluating hardware investments for GIS projects, conducting a cost-benefit analysis is crucial. Consider the following financial metrics:
  • Return on Investment (ROI): Measures the profitability of an investment by comparing the expected returns to the initial investment cost.
  • Net Present Value (NPV): Assesses the present value of future cash flows, considering the time value of money and the project’s required rate of return.
  • Internal Rate of Return (IRR): Represents the discount rate that equates the present value of cash inflows with the initial investment, indicating the project’s profitability.
  • Payback Period: Measures the time required to recoup the initial investment based on the project’s cash inflows.

By analyzing these metrics, GIS students can evaluate the financial feasibility and potential benefits of investing in specific hardware configurations.

Conclusion

Selecting the appropriate hardware specifications for GIS projects is essential to ensure optimal performance, efficiency, and productivity. By considering the GIS software requirements, packaged solutions, computer specifications, server specifications, parallel processing capabilities, and conducting a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis, undergraduate GIS students can make informed decisions when investing in hardware for their GIS projects.

Note: This article focuses primarily on the hardware specifications and cost-benefit analysis for GIS projects related to computer systems, servers, networking, and displays. However, it is important to note that other hardware components and peripherals such as plotters, scanners, GNSS receivers, sensors, and other specialized equipment may also be required for specific GIS projects. These additional hardware components play a crucial role in data acquisition, data integration, and field data collection. Please ensure to consult the latest system requirements and specifications provided by the GIS software and hardware vendors as they may be subject to change over time.

References

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Hardware Specifications and Cost-Benefit Analysis for GIS Projects. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6458 (Accessed: 13 June 2023).
Posted on

Differentiating Between 2.4G and 5G in Wi-Fi Routers

Introduction

When discussing Wi-Fi routers, you may come across the terms “2.4G” and “5G.” These terms refer to specific frequency bands utilized for wireless communication. In this article, we will explore the differences between 2.4G and 5G in Wi-Fi routers, shedding light on their unique characteristics and the implications they have on performance.

  1. Frequency Band

The fundamental distinction between 2.4G and 5G in Wi-Fi routers lies in the frequency bands they operate on. The 2.4G Wi-Fi operates within the 2.4 GHz frequency band, which has been widely adopted for a long time. On the other hand, 5G Wi-Fi operates on the 5 GHz frequency band. The choice of frequency band directly impacts various aspects of Wi-Fi performance.

  1. Speed and Throughput

One notable advantage of 5G Wi-Fi is its potential for higher data transfer rates compared to 2.4G Wi-Fi. The wider bandwidth and cleaner spectrum available in the 5 GHz band allow for faster wireless speeds and improved overall performance. However, it is important to consider that real-world speeds can be influenced by factors such as device capabilities, signal strength, and network congestion.

  1. Range and Coverage

When it comes to range and coverage, 2.4G Wi-Fi typically offers broader coverage compared to 5G Wi-Fi. The lower frequency of the 2.4 GHz band enables better penetration through walls and obstacles, resulting in wider coverage areas. Conversely, 5G Wi-Fi signals may experience more attenuation over distance, potentially leading to reduced coverage compared to 2.4G.

  1. Device Compatibility

Compatibility is a crucial consideration when selecting a Wi-Fi router. Most modern routers are dual-band, meaning they can support both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequencies. This allows devices that are not 5G capable to connect to the 2.4 GHz band, ensuring compatibility across a wide range of devices. However, it is important to note that older devices that only support 2.4 GHz may not be compatible with 5G Wi-Fi networks.

  1. Interference and Congestion

The 2.4 GHz band is more susceptible to interference from other devices such as cordless phones, microwaves, and Bluetooth devices. The prevalence of devices using the 2.4 GHz band can lead to congestion and potential performance degradation. Conversely, the 5 GHz band offers more available channels, reducing the chances of interference and congestion. This results in improved performance and a more reliable connection.

  1. Use Cases

The choice between 2.4G and 5G in Wi-Fi routers depends on specific use cases and requirements. 2.4G Wi-Fi is generally preferred in scenarios where broader coverage is necessary, such as in larger homes or offices with numerous walls and obstacles. It provides reliable connectivity throughout the area. On the other hand, 5G Wi-Fi excels in high-bandwidth applications such as streaming 4K videos, online gaming, and other data-intensive tasks, particularly when devices are in close proximity to the router.

Conclusion

Understanding the differences between 2.4G and 5G in Wi-Fi routers is essential for making informed decisions about selecting the appropriate frequency band for your needs. While 2.4G Wi-Fi offers wider coverage and better compatibility with older devices, 5G Wi-Fi provides faster speeds, reduced interference, and enhanced performance for high-bandwidth applications. By considering factors such as speed, range, device compatibility, and interference, you can choose the frequency band that aligns with your requirements and optimizes your Wi-Fi experience. Both 2.4G and 5G have their unique advantages and considerations, so it’s important to evaluate your specific needs before making a decision.

It’s worth noting that some routers or devices may use the term “2.4G” interchangeably with “2.4 GHz” to refer to the same frequency band. The use of “2.4G” is more common in informal settings or consumer-oriented discussions, while “2.4 GHz” is the technically accurate terminology.

In summary, the key differences between 2.4G and 5G in Wi-Fi routers can be summarized as follows:

  • Frequency Band: 2.4G operates on the 2.4 GHz frequency band, while 5G operates on the 5 GHz frequency band.
  • Speed and Throughput: 5G offers higher potential data transfer rates compared to 2.4G.
  • Range and Coverage: 2.4G provides broader coverage due to its lower frequency, while 5G may have reduced coverage over distance.
  • Device Compatibility: Dual-band routers support both 2.4G and 5G frequencies, ensuring compatibility with a wide range of devices.
  • Interference and Congestion: 2.4G is more susceptible to interference and congestion due to the presence of other devices, while 5G offers more available channels and reduced interference.
  • Use Cases: 2.4G is suitable for larger coverage areas, while 5G excels in high-bandwidth applications when devices are in close proximity to the router.

By understanding these differences, you can make an informed decision when selecting a Wi-Fi router that aligns with your specific requirements, whether it’s prioritizing coverage, speed, device compatibility, or specific use cases.

Posted on

Utilising GIS for Heat Wave Management: Mapping, Modelling, Analysis, and Prediction

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Heat waves pose a growing threat to society, necessitating effective management strategies. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) offer a range of technical tools, techniques, and methods to handle and mitigate the impacts of heat waves. By leveraging GIS capabilities such as mapping, modeling, analysis, and prediction, we can enhance our understanding of heat waves and implement targeted strategies to protect vulnerable populations, optimize urban planning, and foster climate resilience. This article explores the technical applications of GIS in heat wave management.

Mapping Heat Vulnerability

GIS enables the integration of diverse spatial data layers to map and visualize heat vulnerability. For instance, overlaying demographic data (e.g., age, income, health conditions) with land cover, surface temperature, and urban heat island data allows for the creation of heat vulnerability maps. Tools such as ArcGIS (Esri, Redlands, CA, USA) and QGIS (QGIS Development Team) facilitate the analysis and visualization of this data, aiding policymakers and emergency responders in identifying high-risk areas during heat waves (Cutter et al., 2003; Flanagan et al., 2011).

Modelling Heat Waves

GIS-based modeling allows for the simulation and analysis of heat wave scenarios. Advanced models like ENVI-met (Bruse GmbH) and SOLWEIG (University of Gothenburg) utilize climate data, land surface characteristics, and topographical information to simulate the spatial distribution of heat intensity (Krayenhoff et al., 2020). These models generate heat maps and identify hotspots within urban areas, helping planners assess the effectiveness of mitigation strategies like green infrastructure, cool roofs, and urban design modifications (Bowler et al., 2010; Mills et al., 2021).

Analysing Heat Wave Impacts

GIS enables in-depth analysis of heat wave impacts across various sectors. Through spatial analysis techniques such as overlay analysis, proximity analysis, and network analysis, GIS tools help identify critical infrastructure at risk of failure during heat waves. By integrating data on transportation networks, healthcare facilities, and population density, GIS can inform decisions on emergency response planning, infrastructure upgrades, and resource allocation (Stone Jr et al., 2010; Kim et al., 2022).

Predicting Heat Waves

GIS-based predictive modeling supports the forecasting of heat wave events. By integrating historical climate data, atmospheric conditions, and climate change projections, models like MaxEnt (Phillips et al., 2006) and Random Forest (Breiman, 2001) can estimate the likelihood, intensity, and duration of future heat waves. These models enable the development of early warning systems, empowering decision-makers, emergency services, and the public to take proactive measures to reduce heat wave impacts (Zhang et al., 2019).

Enhancing Urban Planning

GIS plays a crucial role in urban planning for heat wave resilience. Using tools like CityEngine (Esri) and Urban Heat Island (UHI) modeling, GIS integrates heat vulnerability maps, land use data, and urban design principles. This integration assists in identifying suitable locations for green spaces, cool corridors, and water features to mitigate the urban heat island effect. GIS also optimizes the placement of cooling centers, public transportation routes, and shaded areas, ensuring equitable access to relief during heat wave events (Bowler et al., 2010; Cao et al., 2020).

Conclusion

By harnessing the power of GIS, we can effectively manage and mitigate the impacts of heat waves. Through mapping heat vulnerability, modeling scenarios, analyzing impacts, predicting future events, and enhancing urban planning, GIS provides technical solutions for evidence-based decision-making. Tools such as ArcGIS, QGIS, ENVI-met, and MaxEnt facilitate the implementation of these strategies. The integration of GIS with advanced modeling techniques and spatial analysis allows for a comprehensive understanding of heat wave patterns, vulnerabilities, and impacts. This knowledge can inform policymakers, urban planners, and emergency management agencies in developing short and long-term solutions to address the challenges posed by heat waves.

To further enhance the technical capabilities of GIS in heat wave management, ongoing research and collaboration are crucial. Researchers are continuously developing new tools and methodologies to improve heat wave prediction accuracy and enhance the spatial analysis capabilities of GIS. Furthermore, interdisciplinary collaborations between climatologists, urban planners, epidemiologists, and GIS specialists can provide a holistic approach to understanding heat wave dynamics and their implications on public health, infrastructure, and the environment.

References

  1. Bowler, D. E., Buyung-Ali, L. M., Knight, T. M., & Pullin, A. S. (2010). A systematic review of evidence for the added benefits to health of exposure to natural environments. BMC Public Health, 10(1), 456.
  2. Cao, C. Y., Lee, X., & Liu, S. C. (2020). An integrated modeling approach for assessing urban heat island mitigation strategies at different spatial scales. Sustainable Cities and Society, 53, 101936.
  3. Cutter, S. L., Boruff, B. J., & Shirley, W. L. (2003). Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. Social Science Quarterly, 84(2), 242-261.
  4. Flanagan, B. E., Gregory, E. W., Hallisey, E. J., Heitgerd, J. L., & Lewis, B. (2011). A social vulnerability index for disaster management. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 8(1), Article 3.
  5. Kim, J., Kim, M., Park, J. M., & Kwon, J. (2022). Analyzing the spatial distribution of urban population vulnerability to heatwaves using an urban heat island index. Applied Sciences, 12(1), 14.
  6. Krayenhoff, E. S., Kremers, J. M., & Rijks, D. (2020). The influence of urban design on outdoor thermal comfort during extreme heat events: A review. Science of The Total Environment, 704, 135326.
  7. Mills, G., Meacham, S., Heffron, R., & Svanström, M. (2021). Urban cooling: A review of key approaches and technologies for cities. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 149, 111458.
  8. Phillips, S. J., Anderson, R. P., & Schapire, R. E. (2006). Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecological Modelling, 190(3-4), 231-259.
  9. Stone Jr, B., Hess, J. J., & Frumkin, H. (2010). Urban form and extreme heat events: Are sprawling cities more vulnerable to climate change than compact cities?. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118(10), 1425-1428.
  10. Zhang, X., Sun, H., Li, D., Xu, H., Sun, H., & Li, X. (2019). Prediction of heatwave-related deaths in 14 cities in South Korea using the random forest model: Implications for heatwave management. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(10), 1865.
Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Utilising GIS for Heat Wave Management: Mapping, Modelling, Analysis, and Prediction. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6445 (Accessed: 7 June 2023).
Posted on

Understanding Heat Waves: A Growing Threat and Path to Solutions

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Heat waves, extreme climate events characterized by prolonged periods of high temperatures, are posing an increasing threat to our society and the environment. Their frequency, intensity, and duration are expected to rise throughout the 21st century. In this article, we will explore the key insights from recent research on heat waves, their impact on society and the environment, and propose short and long-term solutions to address this pressing issue.

Understanding Heat Waves

Heat waves occur when temperatures soar well above the normal values for a specific region. While they can happen at any time of the year, they are typically associated with summer in regions with distinct seasons. Defining a heat wave is not straightforward, but common criteria include a minimum intensity (temperatures above a certain threshold) and duration (usually three consecutive days or more). Additional factors like areal extent and associated impacts, such as heat stress, can also be considered.

Drivers of Heat Waves

Heat waves are influenced by various factors acting at different scales. Global warming plays a significant role, making heat waves more frequent and intense worldwide. Natural climate variations, such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), also impact heat waves on interannual to multidecadal scales. Atmospheric planetary waves and high-pressure weather systems contribute as immediate drivers in extratropical regions. Other factors like vegetation and soil moisture content can instigate and exacerbate heat waves through complex interactions with the atmosphere. The relative importance of these drivers varies by region and event.

Impacts of Heat Waves

Heat waves can exacerbate other natural hazards and have far-reaching consequences. They often coincide with droughts, dust storms, pollution events, and wildfires. When combined, these hazards intensify each other’s effects, leading to disproportionate impacts on societies and ecosystems. Air stagnation during heat waves impedes the dispersion of pollutants, resulting in deteriorating air quality. The combination of extreme heat, low humidity, and high winds increases the risk of forest fires, posing significant threats to dry vegetated areas.

Short-term Solutions

To mitigate the immediate risks of heat waves, local and regional policies should focus on implementing heat-health warning systems. These systems can provide actionable information to the public and various sectors like agriculture, energy, and water management, enabling proactive measures to reduce vulnerabilities. Additionally, urban planning should prioritize designs that mitigate the urban heat island effect, incorporating green and blue spaces to cool urban environments and improve overall resilience.

Long-term Solutions

Addressing the long-term challenges posed by heat waves requires a multi-pronged approach. First and foremost, reducing greenhouse gas emissions is crucial to mitigate global warming and limit the future escalation of heat waves. Transitioning to cleaner energy sources, promoting energy efficiency, and adopting sustainable practices can contribute to this effort. Enhancing our understanding of heat wave dynamics through research, data collection, and improved modeling is essential for accurate predictions and targeted interventions.

Furthermore, integrating heat wave research with other non-climate stressors is vital. This includes considering factors like exposure, vulnerability, and adaptation to develop comprehensive risk frameworks. Such frameworks can guide policymakers in implementing effective strategies tailored to specific sectors and communities.

Conclusion

Heat waves are becoming a growing threat to society and the environment, driven by global warming and complex atmospheric dynamics. Understanding their characteristics, drivers, and impacts is crucial for developing effective solutions. By implementing short-term measures like heat-health warning systems and urban planning, and adopting long-term strategies like reducing greenhouse gas emissions and integrating heat wave research with non-climate stressors, we can mitigate the risks posed by heat waves and build a more resilient future.

As individuals, we can also contribute to mitigating the impacts of heat waves. Simple actions like conserving energy, reducing water consumption, and practicing heat safety measures during extreme heat events can make a difference. Additionally, raising awareness about the risks of heat waves and advocating for sustainable policies and practices within our communities can drive positive change.

Heat waves are a significant and escalating threat that requires our immediate attention. By understanding their causes, impacts, and future projections, we can develop informed strategies to adapt and mitigate their effects. Through collective action, involving policymakers, researchers, communities, and individuals, we can foster resilience and build a sustainable future that can withstand the growing challenge of heat waves. Let us act now to protect our society, environment, and future generations from the devastating impacts of heat waves.

Together, let us work towards a cooler and safer world.

Note: The information and insights provided in this article are based on the research article “Heat Waves: A Growing Threat to Society and the Environment” by Barriopedro et al. (2023). This article emphasizes the need for ongoing research, data collection, and interdisciplinary collaboration to address the complex nature of heat waves and develop effective solutions.

Reference

Barriopedro, D., R. García–Herrera, C. Ordóñez, D. G. Miralles, and S. Salcedo–Sanz (2023), Heat waves: a growing threat to society and the environment, Eos, 104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023EO235012.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Understanding Heat Waves: A Growing Threat and Path to Solutions. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6439 (Accessed: 7 June 2023).
Posted on

UTM and Kg. Sg. Timun Empower Mangrove Conservation through an Innovative CSR Programme 

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Linggi, Negeri Sembilan, June 3, 2023 – In a remarkable collaboration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) and the Kg. Sg. Timun community, have once again united to conduct a highly successful Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programme. Led by Dr. Shahabuddin Amerudin from the Geoinformation Programme in the Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, this initiative aimed to preserve the natural beauty of the mangrove forest ecosystem. The programme showcased the exceptional capabilities of the Mangrove Forest Tree Identification and Geotagging mobile app, with the website https://www.kstutm.com serving as a central hub for accessing information and utilising the online database and web mapping application developed under the Knowledge Transfer Program – Research Innovation Grant (KTP-RIG) from CCIN UTM.

This year, the CSR programme welcomed 33 dedicated third-year Bachelor of Science in Geoinformatics students as its main participants. Building upon the valuable experience gained from the previous year’s programme, which involved 21 active student contributors, these passionate individuals were enrolled in the SBEG3583 GIS Software System course. Leveraging their knowledge and skills, they enthusiastically embraced the use of the mobile app as a powerful tool for collecting and storing essential data. It is noteworthy that the system was also employed during the Lestari Alam Sungai Timun programme on November 2, 2021, joined by government departments in the Rembau District and coordinated by the Rembau District Office.

Under the guidance of Prof. Ir. Dr. Mohd Fadhil Md Din from Campus Sustainability UTM, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zulhilmi Ismail from the Center for River and Coastal Engineering UTM, and with the support of enthusiastic volunteers from the ARC Club UTM, the participants embarked on an extraordinary journey. The programme involved geotagging 126 trees, including the successful planting of over 40 mangrove tree seeds. Additionally, existing mangrove trees in the vicinity of Kg. Sg. Timun were meticulously geotagged, contributing to a comprehensive database for monitoring and conservation efforts.

One of the programme’s highlights was a captivating excursion along Sg. Rembau, where participants had the privilege of witnessing the enchanting spectacle of fireflies illuminating the night sky. These mesmerising creatures predominantly inhabited the majestic Berembang trees, which were also geotagged as part of this remarkable endeavour. The experience left an indelible mark on the participants, fostering a deeper appreciation for the magnificence and significance of the natural world.

The students involved in this programme have gained immeasurable experience and skills. They have developed practical expertise in mangrove tree planting, geotagging, tree data collection, and online database management, which will serve them well in their future careers. Moreover, they have learned to appreciate the delicate balance of our natural environment and the challenges it faces. By proposing innovative solutions and overcoming obstacles, they have demonstrated their ability to contribute to real-world environmental issues.

Collaboration between academia, local communities, and technology has the power to create lasting positive change. The Mangrove Forest Tree Identification and Geotagging mobile app, together with the online database and web mapping application, have proven to be invaluable tools in the conservation and monitoring of mangrove forests. By leveraging these innovative solutions, we have not only raised awareness about the importance of mangrove ecosystems but also empowered the local community to actively participate in their preservation.

For those fortunate enough to have witnessed the mesmerising display of fireflies along Sg. Rembau, the experience was nothing short of magical. The sight of these tiny bioluminescent creatures dancing among the Berembang trees is a testament to the wonders of nature. We invite others to venture forth and experience this awe-inspiring spectacle first-hand, as it serves as a reminder of the importance of preserving our natural heritage.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). UTM and Kg. Sg. Timun Empower Mangrove Conservation through an Innovative CSR Programme. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6427 (Accessed: 6 June 2023).
Posted on

Unveiling the Secrets of Mangrove Ecosystems: The Importance of Mapping Mangrove Trees and Their Habitat

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Mangrove forests are remarkable ecosystems that thrive along coastlines, bridging the gap between land and sea. These biodiverse habitats provide critical ecological services, such as coastal protection, carbon sequestration, and supporting diverse marine life. To effectively conserve and manage mangrove forests, it is crucial to understand their distribution, structure, and dynamics. This is where mapping mangrove trees and their habitat using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology plays a pivotal role. In this article, we will explore the profound importance of mapping mangrove trees and their habitat and how GIS serves as a valuable tool for developing databases, visualization, and analysis.

  1. Comprehensive Data Collection and Integration: GIS enables the collection and integration of diverse data sources related to mangrove ecosystems. Remote sensing techniques, such as satellite imagery and aerial photography, provide high-resolution spatial data, capturing the extent and changes in mangrove cover over time. Field surveys, including vegetation sampling and soil analysis, complement remote sensing data, offering detailed information on mangrove species composition, health, and habitat characteristics. GIS facilitates the harmonization and synthesis of these data, creating comprehensive databases for informed decision-making.
  2. Spatial Analysis and Modeling: GIS empowers researchers and conservationists to conduct sophisticated spatial analysis and modeling, unraveling intricate patterns and relationships within mangrove ecosystems. By employing geospatial tools and algorithms, GIS helps identify suitable mangrove habitat areas, assess ecological connectivity, and analyze the impact of environmental factors on mangrove growth and regeneration. Spatial modeling techniques enable the prediction of future changes, facilitating proactive conservation planning and management strategies.
  3. Visualization and Communication: One of the key strengths of GIS is its ability to transform complex data into visually compelling maps, charts, and graphs. Through GIS-based visualization, intricate patterns and trends in mangrove distribution, species composition, and ecosystem services can be effectively communicated to stakeholders, policymakers, and the wider public. Engaging visualizations help raise awareness about the ecological importance of mangroves and facilitate informed decision-making for conservation and sustainable management.
  4. Decision Support Systems: GIS serves as a powerful tool for decision support in mangrove management. By integrating spatial data with relevant socio-economic and environmental data, GIS aids in identifying priority areas for conservation, planning restoration initiatives, and managing potential conflicts between different land uses. GIS-based decision support systems enable stakeholders to evaluate trade-offs, explore alternative scenarios, and make well-informed decisions, considering the complex interactions within the mangrove ecosystem.
  5. Monitoring and Assessment: The dynamic nature of mangrove ecosystems necessitates continuous monitoring and assessment. GIS, combined with remote sensing technologies, allows for systematic monitoring of mangrove extent, health, and changes in vegetation cover. By comparing historical and current data, GIS facilitates the identification of areas at risk, supports early warning systems for ecosystem degradation, and aids in adaptive management strategies. GIS-based monitoring ensures timely interventions and guides conservation efforts.
  6. Collaboration and Data Sharing: GIS promotes collaboration and data sharing among researchers, policymakers, and local communities involved in mangrove conservation and management. By providing a centralized platform for storing, accessing, and analyzing spatial data, GIS facilitates the exchange of information, knowledge, and best practices. It encourages interdisciplinary collaboration and supports participatory approaches, fostering a holistic understanding of mangrove ecosystems and enabling coordinated conservation efforts.

Mapping mangrove trees and their habitat using GIS is a vital component of effective mangrove conservation and management. GIS technology enables the collection, integration, analysis, and visualization of spatial data, offering valuable insights into the distribution, structure, and dynamics of mangrove ecosystems. By harnessing the power of GIS, we can make informed decisions, implement proactive conservation measures, and ensure the sustainable use and protection of mangrove forests.

Through comprehensive data collection and integration, GIS allows us to gather information from various sources and create robust databases that capture the complexity of mangrove ecosystems. The spatial analysis and modeling capabilities of GIS enable us to uncover patterns and relationships within mangrove habitats, facilitating informed decision-making. The visualization tools provided by GIS help communicate the ecological significance of mangroves to a wider audience, fostering awareness and support for their conservation.

Furthermore, GIS serves as a powerful decision support system, assisting in the identification of priority areas for conservation, restoration, and sustainable management. By integrating socio-economic and environmental data, stakeholders can assess the trade-offs associated with different land uses and develop strategies that promote both ecological integrity and community well-being.

The monitoring and assessment capabilities of GIS are crucial for tracking changes in mangrove extent, health, and biodiversity. By comparing past and present data, we can identify areas under threat and implement timely interventions to mitigate degradation. GIS-based monitoring also enables adaptive management, allowing us to respond effectively to the dynamic nature of mangrove ecosystems and climate change impacts.

Additionally, GIS fosters collaboration and data sharing among stakeholders involved in mangrove conservation. It provides a common platform for researchers, policymakers, and local communities to access and analyze spatial data, promoting interdisciplinary collaboration and participatory approaches. By sharing knowledge and best practices, we can develop effective conservation strategies that consider local contexts and empower communities in the decision-making process.

In conclusion, mapping mangrove trees and their habitat using GIS is essential for understanding, conserving, and sustainably managing these valuable ecosystems. GIS technology provides the tools necessary to collect, analyze, visualize, and communicate spatial data, enabling informed decision-making and proactive conservation efforts. By leveraging GIS capabilities, we can protect mangroves, preserve biodiversity, and secure the myriad ecological services they provide. Embracing GIS as a valuable tool in mangrove conservation is a critical step towards safeguarding these unique and vital habitats for present and future generations.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Unveiling the Secrets of Mangrove Ecosystems: The Importance of Mapping Mangrove Trees and Their Habitat. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6406 (Accessed: 2 June 2023).
Posted on

Mangrove Forests: Sustaining Life and Protecting Coastal Ecosystems

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Introduction

Mangrove forests are incredibly vital ecosystems that thrive in the interface between land and sea. These unique habitats, characterized by a complex network of intertwined plant and animal life, provide numerous ecological, economic, and social benefits. However, they are under constant threat due to human activities and environmental changes. In this article, we will delve deeper into the significance of mangrove forests, their intricate web of life, and the urgent need for their conservation.

The Importance of Mangrove Forests

Mangroves serve as a crucial buffer zone along coastlines, protecting shorelines from erosion and storm damage. Their extensive root systems stabilize sediments, mitigating the impact of tidal currents and waves. Additionally, mangroves act as natural water filters, trapping sediments and pollutants, improving water quality, and preventing coastal pollution.

Biodiversity Hotspots

Mangrove forests support an astonishing diversity of plant and animal species. They serve as nurseries and habitats for numerous marine organisms, including fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and even endangered species like sea turtles and dugongs. Many commercially important fish species rely on mangroves during their life cycles, making these forests crucial for supporting local fisheries and sustaining livelihoods.

The Interconnected Web of Life

Within mangrove ecosystems, a delicate balance exists between various species. Let’s explore some of the key interactions:

  1. Mangrove Trees: Mangrove trees, with their unique adaptations, play a central role in the ecosystem. Their roots provide shelter, breeding grounds, and feeding areas for a wide range of organisms. Fallen leaves and detritus from the trees serve as food sources for detritivores, which further contribute to nutrient cycling and energy transfer within the ecosystem.
  2. Avian Visitors: Mangrove forests attract a rich array of bird species. Wading birds, such as herons and egrets, forage in the shallow waters for fish, crabs, and other small prey. These birds aid in controlling population sizes and act as seed dispersers, as seeds from consumed fruits pass through their digestive systems and are deposited in different locations, aiding in the expansion of mangrove vegetation.
  3. Marine Life: Mangroves serve as an important nursery habitat for many marine organisms. Juvenile fish and invertebrates find refuge in the intricate root systems, protected from predators and strong currents. As they grow, these organisms venture out into adjacent habitats, contributing to the overall biodiversity and productivity of the coastal ecosystem.
  4. Mutualistic Relationships: Mangroves often form symbiotic relationships with other organisms. For example, certain species of crabs benefit from a mutualistic association with mangroves. The crabs excavate burrows in the mud, aerating the soil and creating spaces for oxygen circulation. In return, the crabs gain protection and a source of food from the mangrove environment.

The Threats to Mangrove Forests

Despite their ecological significance, mangrove forests face numerous threats. Deforestation for coastal development, aquaculture expansion, unsustainable logging, pollution, and climate change pose significant challenges to their survival. The loss of mangroves not only disrupts their intricate web of life but also impacts local communities that rely on these ecosystems for their livelihoods.

Conservation and Sustainable Practices

Preserving and rehabilitating mangrove forests require concerted efforts from governments, local communities, conservation organizations, and businesses. Here are some key strategies:

  1. Protected Areas and Management: Establishing protected areas and implementing effective management plans are essential for safeguarding mangrove ecosystems. These measures should include monitoring and enforcement against illegal activities, as well as promoting sustainable resource use and habitat restoration initiatives.
  2. Community Engagement and Empowerment: Engaging local communities is crucial for the long-term conservation of mangrove forests. Encouraging community participation in decision-making processes, promoting sustainable livelihood opportunities such as eco-tourism or sustainable aquaculture practices, and providing education on the importance of mangroves can foster a sense of ownership and stewardship among local residents.
  3. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): The private sector also plays a significant role in mangrove conservation through CSR initiatives. Companies can support mangrove restoration projects, sponsor research and monitoring efforts, and implement sustainable practices within their operations. By integrating environmental considerations into their business strategies, companies can contribute to the protection and restoration of mangrove ecosystems.
  4. International Collaboration: Addressing the global challenges facing mangrove forests requires collaboration among nations, organizations, and stakeholders. International cooperation and partnerships can facilitate knowledge exchange, funding mechanisms, and the sharing of best practices for sustainable mangrove management.
  5. Climate Change Adaptation: Given the vulnerability of mangroves to climate change impacts, incorporating climate change adaptation strategies into conservation efforts is essential. This includes enhancing the resilience of mangrove ecosystems, implementing coastal protection measures, and promoting sustainable land-use practices that minimize carbon emissions and reduce the risk of natural disasters.

    Conclusion

    Mangrove forests are invaluable ecosystems that support biodiversity, protect coastlines, and provide numerous ecosystem services. The intricate web of life within these habitats highlights the interdependencies among species and the importance of maintaining their delicate balance. Through effective conservation measures, community engagement, corporate responsibility, and international collaboration, we can protect and restore mangrove forests for future generations.

    Preserving mangroves is not only an environmental imperative but also a socio-economic necessity. By recognizing the significant role of mangrove forests and taking collective action, we can ensure the sustainable use and conservation of these vital ecosystems, benefiting both nature and human well-being. Together, let us embrace the responsibility to safeguard these coastal treasures and secure a brighter future for mangroves and the communities that depend on them.
Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Mangrove Forests: Sustaining Life and Protecting Coastal Ecosystems. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6404 (Accessed: 2 June 2023).
Posted on

The Life Cycle and Interactions in a Mangrove Forest Ecosystem

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Mangrove forests are unique and diverse ecosystems that support a wide range of plant and animal species. Within these forests, a complex web of life cycles and interactions takes place, contributing to the overall health and balance of the ecosystem. Let’s explore the life cycle and interactions among various organisms in a mangrove forest:

  1. Mangrove Trees: Mangrove trees play a crucial role in the ecosystem. They thrive in the muddy soil and have aerial roots that extend above the water level to obtain oxygen. These roots create a complex structure that provides shelter and breeding grounds for a variety of animals, including fish, shrimps, and birds. Additionally, the fallen leaves of mangrove trees serve as a source of food for detritus-feeding organisms.
  2. Fireflies: Fireflies, or lightning bugs, are fascinating insects that have an important role in mangrove forests. Male fireflies emit light to attract females during mating season. The produced light also serves as a source of food for other animals such as bats and night-active birds. Through this process, fireflies contribute to the pollination of surrounding plants.
  3. Crocodiles: Crocodiles are apex predators in the mangrove ecosystem. As predators, they help control the population of other animals such as fish, birds, and small mammals. By regulating the population, crocodiles ensure an adequate food supply and prevent overpopulation of prey species, thus maintaining the balance within the ecosystem.
  4. Mud Lobsters: Mud lobsters, also known as fiddler crabs, are inhabitants of the intertidal areas in mangrove forests. They play a significant role as predators of small animals such as mollusks, crustaceans, and small fish. By fulfilling their predatory role, mud lobsters contribute to population control and help maintain the balance within the aquatic community.
  5. Other Interactions: There are numerous other interactions among species in the mangrove forest. For instance, certain bird species like herons or ibises often visit mangrove forests to search for food such as fish, insects, and crustaceans. These birds also aid in seed dispersal of mangrove trees through the dispersal of seeds in their droppings, contributing to the expansion and diversity of mangrove vegetation.

Overall, the life cycles and interactions in a mangrove forest are intricately interconnected. Each species plays a vital role in supporting and sustaining one another. The preservation and conservation of mangrove forests are crucial for maintaining the delicate balance of this ecosystem. It is through collective efforts, including conservation initiatives, education, and sustainable practices, that we can protect and safeguard the biodiversity and sustainability of mangrove forests.

By understanding and appreciating the intricate web of life within mangrove ecosystems, we can foster a deeper sense of responsibility and take proactive measures to preserve these invaluable habitats for the benefit of current and future generations.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). The Life Cycle and Interactions in a Mangrove Forest Ecosystem. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6402 (Accessed: 2 June 2023).
Posted on

The Role of Humans in Preserving and Rehabilitating Mangrove Forests

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Mangrove forests are crucial ecosystems for both marine and terrestrial life. Humans play a significant role in preserving and rehabilitating these mangrove forests. As individuals and communities, we have a responsibility to take effective actions for the sustainability of these ecosystems. Here are some ways in which humans contribute to the preservation and rehabilitation of mangrove forests:

  1. Awareness and Education: Education and awareness are essential steps in preserving mangrove forests. By understanding the importance of this ecosystem, we become more capable of protecting it. Activities such as awareness campaigns, environmental education programs, and nature-based education help to raise public awareness about the significance of mangrove forests and the need to preserve them.
  2. Conservation and Management: Collaboration among governments, conservation organizations, and local communities is crucial for implementing effective conservation and management strategies. Science-based management practices, including monitoring, research, and the establishment of protected areas, help protect mangrove forests from damaging activities. Responsible management, such as controlling illegal logging, preventing water pollution, and protecting endangered species, must also be undertaken.
  3. Sustainable Practices: Communities should adopt sustainable lifestyles that involve the wise and responsible use of resources. Reducing the consumption of single-use plastics, practicing proper waste management, and adopting sustainable farming practices help alleviate pressures on mangrove forests. The use of responsibly sourced products, such as sustainably harvested timber, should also be encouraged.
  4. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Activities: CSR activities by companies also play a significant role in preserving and rehabilitating mangrove forests. Companies can implement CSR projects related to environmental conservation, such as reforestation campaigns, tree planting programs, and research projects. This helps raise awareness and contributes to the rehabilitation efforts of mangrove forests.
  5. Research and Innovation: Scientific research and technological innovations contribute to a deeper understanding of mangrove ecosystems. Research on climate change impacts, pollution effects, and enhanced conservation techniques aids in the development of more effective preservation measures. Technological innovations can also assist in monitoring and rehabilitating mangrove forests.

In conclusion, humans have a crucial role in preserving and rehabilitating mangrove forests. Through awareness, education, sustainable practices, and collaboration with stakeholders, we can ensure the sustainability of these important ecosystems. Additionally, the involvement of companies through CSR activities showcases private sector engagement in conservation efforts. With collective efforts, we can preserve and rehabilitate mangrove forests for the benefit of future generations.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). The Role of Humans in Preserving and Rehabilitating Mangrove Forests. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6400 (Accessed: 2 June 2023).
Posted on

Leveraging GIS Software for Efficient Infrastructure Management in Rapidly Urbanizing Cities

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Introduction

Rapid urbanization presents significant challenges for cities worldwide, requiring effective infrastructure management and urban planning strategies. The evolution of Geographic Information System (GIS) software has emerged as a powerful tool to address these challenges by providing comprehensive spatial data analysis, visualization, and decision-making capabilities. This article explores how GIS software can contribute to managing urbanization effectively, analyzes its advantages and limitations for urban planning and infrastructure management, and recommends specific GIS software systems and extensions suitable for addressing the urbanization challenge.

The Evolution of GIS Software in Addressing Urbanization Challenges

GIS software has undergone significant advancements to meet the demands of rapidly urbanizing cities. These advancements include:

Comprehensive Data Integration: Modern GIS software seamlessly integrates various data sources such as satellite imagery, aerial photographs, survey data, and administrative records. By amalgamating these disparate datasets, urban planners and policymakers gain a holistic understanding of the city’s current infrastructure, land use, transportation networks, and environmental factors.

Spatial Analysis and Visualization: GIS software enables advanced spatial analysis and modeling techniques, allowing urban planners to evaluate the impacts of urbanization on infrastructure networks, land use patterns, and environmental factors. Through geospatial visualization, stakeholders can gain insights into spatial relationships, identify patterns, and make informed decisions for efficient infrastructure management.

Decision Support Systems: GIS software provides decision support systems that integrate spatial analysis and modeling with real-time data. By combining historical data, predictive modeling, and scenario analysis, decision-makers can assess the potential consequences of urbanization on infrastructure, plan for future growth, optimize resource allocation, and prioritize investment strategies.

Citizen Engagement: GIS software facilitates public participation and citizen engagement in urban planning and infrastructure management. Interactive maps and web-based applications empower residents to provide feedback, report issues, and collaborate with city authorities, fostering a sense of ownership and inclusivity in the decision-making process.

Advantages and Limitations of GIS Software for Urban Planning and Infrastructure Management

Advantages:

Data-Driven Decision Making: GIS software enables evidence-based decision-making by providing access to accurate, up-to-date, and spatially-referenced data. This allows urban planners to evaluate various scenarios, assess trade-offs, and make informed choices for infrastructure development, land use planning, and transportation management.

Visualization and Communication: GIS software offers powerful visualization tools that facilitate effective communication of complex spatial information. By creating interactive maps, 3D models, and visual simulations, stakeholders can better understand proposed changes, leading to improved collaboration and consensus-building among different departments, government agencies, and community members.

Efficiency and Cost Savings: GIS software streamlines the planning and management processes, resulting in increased efficiency and cost savings. It allows for optimized infrastructure design, reduces redundancy, minimizes construction delays, and enhances maintenance operations by enabling predictive and preventive measures.

Resilience and Risk Management: GIS software aids in assessing and mitigating risks associated with urbanization, such as natural disasters, climate change impacts, and infrastructure vulnerabilities. By integrating geospatial data with hazard analysis models, urban planners can identify high-risk areas, develop evacuation plans, and implement measures to enhance resilience and disaster preparedness.

Limitations:

Data Quality and Accessibility: GIS software relies on the availability and quality of spatial data. Obtaining accurate and up-to-date data can be challenging in rapidly urbanizing cities due to limited resources, data gaps, and administrative barriers. Ensuring data accessibility and standardization remains a significant challenge for effective GIS implementation.

Technical Expertise and Training: Utilizing GIS software requires technical expertise and training. The complexity of GIS tools and techniques may pose a barrier to entry for urban planners, policymakers, and other stakeholders. Investing in training programs and capacity-building initiatives becomes essential to ensure effective utilization and maximize the benefits of GIS software for urban planning and infrastructure management.

Integration with Legacy Systems: In cities with existing infrastructure and legacy systems, integrating GIS software can be a challenge. Compatibility issues, data migration, and interoperability barriers may arise, requiring careful planning and coordination to ensure seamless integration and data sharing among different departments and systems.

Privacy and Security Concerns: As GIS software relies on collecting and analyzing vast amounts of spatial data, privacy and security concerns arise. Safeguarding sensitive information, ensuring data anonymization, and protecting against unauthorized access or data breaches become crucial considerations in implementing GIS solutions.

Recommended GIS Software Systems and Extensions for Addressing Urbanization Challenges

  1. Esri ArcGIS: Esri ArcGIS is a comprehensive and widely used GIS software suite known for its robust capabilities in spatial analysis, data visualization, and decision support systems. Its suite of extensions, such as ArcGIS Urban, allows urban planners to analyze land use, evaluate development scenarios, and visualize future growth patterns. With its web-based applications, ArcGIS enables citizen engagement, collaboration, and real-time data integration, making it suitable for managing infrastructure in rapidly urbanizing cities.
  2. QGIS: QGIS is an open-source GIS software that offers a wide range of functionalities and a user-friendly interface. It provides a cost-effective alternative and is highly customizable to suit specific urban planning and infrastructure management needs. QGIS allows for data integration, spatial analysis, and visualization, and its plugins enhance its capabilities further. With its active user community, QGIS offers continuous updates and support, making it a suitable option for resource-constrained cities.
  3. Autodesk InfraWorks: Autodesk InfraWorks is a powerful GIS software tailored specifically for infrastructure planning and design. It enables urban planners to create 3D models, simulate transportation networks, assess the impact of urbanization on infrastructure, and optimize design alternatives. Its integration with other Autodesk products, such as AutoCAD and Revit, allows for seamless data exchange and collaboration among various disciplines involved in infrastructure development.
  4. CityEngine: CityEngine, developed by Esri, focuses on urban planning and 3D modeling. It enables the creation of detailed 3D representations of cities, facilitating visualization, simulation, and analysis of urban form and land use. With its procedural modeling capabilities, CityEngine allows urban planners to generate realistic scenarios and assess their impact on infrastructure, transportation, and environmental factors. It is particularly useful for visualizing future urban growth and conducting urban design simulations.

Conclusion

GIS software has evolved into a critical tool for efficiently managing infrastructure and urban planning in rapidly urbanizing cities. It offers comprehensive data integration, advanced spatial analysis, decision support systems, and citizen engagement capabilities. While GIS software provides numerous advantages for urban planning and infrastructure management, it also has limitations such as data quality issues, technical expertise requirements, integration challenges, and privacy concerns. By carefully selecting appropriate GIS software systems and extensions, such as Esri ArcGIS, QGIS, Autodesk InfraWorks, and CityEngine, cities can harness the power of spatial data analysis and visualization to effectively address the challenges of urbanization, optimize infrastructure development, and promote sustainable growth. Implementing GIS solutions requires careful consideration of data quality, technical training, integration requirements, and privacy protection to ensure successful implementation and maximize the benefits for urban development.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Leveraging GIS Software for Efficient Infrastructure Management in Rapidly Urbanizing Cities. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6398 (Accessed: 2 June 2023).
Posted on

Understanding and Applying Key Examination Keywords in GIS Programme

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Here is a detailed explanation of each typical keyword and the expectations of the examiner for students’ answers:

  1. Describe: This keyword requires students to provide a detailed account or explanation of a topic or concept. The examiner expects students to provide a comprehensive and accurate description, focusing on relevant details and characteristics. Example question: “Describe the main components of a geographic information system (GIS) and their functions.”
  2. Explain: This keyword requires students to clarify or provide a clear understanding of a topic or concept. The examiner expects students to go beyond mere description and provide reasons, causes, or mechanisms behind the topic. Example question: “Explain the process of georeferencing in GIS and its importance in spatial data analysis.”
  3. Compare and contrast: This keyword requires students to identify similarities and differences between two or more items or concepts. The examiner expects students to analyze and highlight both shared features and distinguishing factors. Example question: “Compare and contrast raster and vector data models in GIS, discussing their advantages and limitations.”
  4. Discuss: This keyword requires students to present a balanced examination of different viewpoints or perspectives on a topic. The examiner expects students to analyze multiple aspects, present informed opinions, and support their arguments with evidence or examples. Example question: “Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using remote sensing data in GIS applications for environmental monitoring.”
  5. Analyse: This keyword requires students to break down a topic or concept into its constituent parts and examine their relationships or interactions. The examiner expects students to provide insights, interpretations, or conclusions based on their analysis. Example question: “Analyse the impact of spatial analysis techniques in identifying suitable locations for renewable energy infrastructure.”
  6. Evaluate: This keyword requires students to assess the value, significance, or effectiveness of a topic or argument. The examiner expects students to provide a well-reasoned judgment based on criteria and evidence, considering both strengths and weaknesses. Example question: “Evaluate the role of GIS in urban planning, considering its contributions to sustainable development and potential challenges.”
  7. Critically: This keyword requires students to evaluate or assess a topic or argument by considering its strengths, weaknesses, implications, or significance. The examiner expects students to provide a thorough and balanced assessment supported by critical thinking. Example question: “Critically analyse the ethical considerations and privacy implications of using location-based services in GIS applications.”
  8. Design: This keyword requires students to create or propose a solution or plan to address a specific problem or meet specific requirements. The examiner expects students to develop a coherent and well-justified design, considering relevant factors and constraints. Example question: “Design a GIS-based workflow for disaster response and emergency management, considering data acquisition, analysis, and visualization requirements.”

By familiarizing themselves with these keywords and their associated expectations, students can effectively demonstrate their knowledge, critical thinking skills, and problem-solving abilities in GIS-related examinations. The article also highlights the importance of considering the specific context and complexity of the topics being addressed.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Understanding and Applying Key Examination Keywords in GIS Programme. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6396 (Accessed: 2 June 2023).
Posted on

Tafsiran Lirik Lagu “Hijab Kekasih”

Lirik: Seth (Loloq)
Komposer/Penyanyi: M.Nasir

Malai rindu ku merintih kecintaan
Duduk termenung hanya bingung kerinduan
Walaupun jauh dari nyata
Kasih dan sayang telah lama ku satukan
Semua kasih ku dalam gemala
Ke laut jawi kan ku kirimkan salam
 
Duhai kasih hijab mu di sini
Mahsyur rupa mu di mata kalbu ini
Berbaringan diusik rindu azali
Dimanakah kekasih yang jauh dari ku
Memakan debu rindu mu
 
Segenap nafas ku melihat renungan mu
Wangi dan harum kau kekasih
Antara lamunan segala kalimah ku ini
Siapa yang mengerti
 
Menghilang tahun ku tahan dahaga
Setelah habis madah untuk sang puteri
Pautan kasih ku kenal sendiri
Teringin ku melihat sebalik hijab mu
Wajah yang ku puja
 
Kekasih lama sudah aku merindu
Larut nan denai larat nan damai
Haram kelamin untuk kita bercerai
Rasa kasih dan sayang dalam keredhaan mu
 
Tafsirannya di sebalik lirik lagu:

Apabila lagu ini ditafsirkan mengikut pandangan makrifat, lirik-liriknya akan mendapat pemahaman yang lebih mendalam dari segi kerohanian dan pengenalan terhadap hakikat cinta dan kasih sayang.

Lirik pertama, “Malai rindu ku merintih kecintaan, Duduk termenung hanya bingung kerinduan,” dapat dimaknai sebagai panggilan hati yang merindukan kasih cinta yang lebih tinggi, yang melampaui batasan dunia fisik. Penulis menyedari bahwa kerinduannya berasal dari kerinduan akan kekasih sejati, yang bukan hanya terbatas pada pengalaman duniawi.

Baris selanjutnya, “Walaupun jauh dari nyata, Kasih dan sayang telah lama ku satukan,” mengisyaratkan bahwa cinta dan kasih sayang sejati adalah suatu aspek yang telah dipersatukan oleh penulis dalam pengalaman kerohaniannya. Meskipun tidak terlihat secara nyata, hubungan ini tetap ada dan kuat dalam dimensi batiniah.

Lirik berikutnya, “Semua kasih ku dalam gemala, Ke laut jawi kan ku kirimkan salam,” mengacu pada pengalaman mistik di mana penulis mengirimkan salam dan ungkapan cintanya kepada Tuhan atau kekasih kerohanian melalui perantaraan atau simbolisasi gemala. “Laut Jawi” di sini bisa diertikan sebagai samudra Ilahi, tempat di mana salam cinta penulis dihantarkan kepada Tuhan.

“Duhai kasih hijab mu di sini, Mahsyur rupa mu di mata kalbu ini,” menyiratkan pengenalan dan kesadaran akan kehadiran Tuhan yang mengenakan hijab yang melindungi keindahan-Nya. Penulis mengalami kehadiran-Nya dalam hati dan merasakan keagungan dan keindahan yang menggetarkan jiwa.

Lirik selanjutnya, “Berbaringan diusik rindu azali, Dimanakah kekasih yang jauh dari ku, Memakan debu rindu mu,” menggambarkan kerinduan penulis yang mendalam dan azali (abadi) terhadap kekasih kerohanian yang tampaknya jauh. Rindu yang disebut sebagai “debu” mencerminkan kerinduan yang memenuhi seluruh ruang hati dan menghimpunkan segala pengalaman hidup.

Bahagian berikutnya, “Segenap nafas ku melihat renungan mu, Wangi dan harum kau kekasih, Antara lamunan segala kalimah ku ini, Siapa yang mengerti,” menunjukkan bahwa penulis merenungkan kehadiran kekasih kerohanian dalam setiap hembusan nafasnya. Kekasih tersebut melimpahkan keharuman dan keindahan kerohanian, tetapi hanya sedikit yang benar-benar memahami keadaan hati dan pengalaman penulis yang penuh dengan khalimah (pesan-pesan kerohanian).

“Menghilang tahun ku tahan dahaga, Setelah habis madah untuk sang puteri, Pautan kasih ku kenal sendiri, Teringin ku melihat sebalik hijab mu, Wajah yang ku puja,” menyampaikan rangkap ini sebagai mencerminkan perjalanan kerohanian penulis yang telah lama berada dalam pencarian, telah memberikan segala pujian dan ekspresi cintanya kepada sang kekasih kerohanian, dan menemukan ikatan yang mendalam dengan-Nya. Dia merindukan untuk melihat wajah kekasih kerohanian yang sangat dipuja, di luar batasan dunia fisik dan materi.

Lirik “Kekasih lama sudah aku merindu, Larut nan denai larat nan damai, Haram kelamin untuk kita bercerai, Rasa kasih dan sayang dalam keredaan mu” mengandung pesan kerohanian yang lebih mendalam. Penulis merindukan kekasih lama, yang mungkin mengacu pada hubungan batiniah yang telah dia jalin dalam pencarian kerohanian. Penulis mengungkapkan bahwa dia lelah dengan dunia material dan mencari kedamaian dalam hubungan kerohanian. Dia menyedari bahawa hubungan ini melampaui batasan fisik dan tidak boleh terputus oleh keinginan nafsu duniawi. Cinta dan kasih sayang yang sejati terletak dalam keredhaan dan kesucian yang dikehendaki oleh kekasih kerohanian.

Secara keseluruhan, dalam konteks pandangan makrifat, lagu ini menggambarkan perjalanan kerohanian dan rindu penulis untuk mencapai kekasih sejatinya, yang melampaui batas-batas dunia fisik. Lirik-lirik tersebut merujuk pada pengenalan terhadap Tuhan atau kekasih kerohanian, pengorbanan dalam pencarian, dan kesedaran akan nilai-nilai hakiki yang terkandung dalam hubungan cinta dan kasih sayang yang sejati.

Walau bagaimanapun, hanya penulis asal yang berhak memberikan tafsiran sebenar di sebalik lirik lagu tersebut. Wallahualam…
Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Tafsiran Lirik Lagu "Hijab Kekasih". [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6390 (Accessed: 11 May 2023).
Posted on

Proprietary GIS Software in the Age of Openness

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and geospatial software have become increasingly popular in recent years, with many businesses and organizations relying on them for critical decision-making processes. While proprietary software has long been the dominant force in this industry, the rise of free and open-source software (FOSS) has caused many developers to re-think their strategies and make changes to stay competitive.

The Challenges of FOSS

FOSS has several key advantages over proprietary software, including cost-effectiveness, flexibility, and the ability to modify the software to fit specific needs. These advantages have led to a growing community of FOSS users, and many developers have begun to explore FOSS as a viable alternative to proprietary software.

However, there are also several challenges associated with FOSS that developers must address in order to remain competitive. These challenges include:

  • Lack of support: FOSS is typically developed and maintained by a community of volunteers, which can make it difficult for businesses and organizations to get the support they need to effectively use the software.
  • Limited features: FOSS may not have all the features and capabilities of proprietary software, which can limit its usefulness in certain contexts.
  • Compatibility issues: FOSS may not be compatible with other software tools and systems, making it difficult to integrate into existing workflows and processes.
  • Training requirements: FOSS may require specialized training and expertise to use effectively, which can be a barrier for many businesses and organizations.

Addressing the Challenges of FOSS

In order to address these challenges and remain competitive, many GIS and geospatial software developers have taken a variety of actions. Some of the most common strategies include:

  • Embracing FOSS: Rather than seeing FOSS as a threat, some developers have embraced it and started incorporating FOSS technologies into their own products. This can help to address issues of compatibility and functionality, while also leveraging the benefits of FOSS.
  • Providing support: In order to address concerns about support, many developers have begun offering support services for their proprietary software products. This can help to ensure that businesses and organizations have the help they need to effectively use the software.
  • Investing in development: In order to stay competitive, many developers have increased their investment in software development. This can help to ensure that their products continue to offer the latest features and capabilities, while also addressing issues of compatibility and integration.
  • Focusing on niche markets: Rather than trying to compete with FOSS in all areas, some developers have focused on specific niches where their proprietary software can offer unique value. This can help to differentiate their products and ensure that they remain competitive in those specific areas.

Examples of Developers Tackling FOSS Challenges

Several GIS and geospatial software developers have already taken steps to address the challenges of FOSS and remain competitive in the industry. Here are a few examples:

  • Esri: Esri, one of the largest GIS software developers in the world, has taken a multi-faceted approach to addressing the challenges of FOSS. This has included investing in FOSS technologies like Python and contributing to FOSS projects like GeoJSON. They have also developed ArcGIS Online, a cloud-based GIS platform that offers a range of features and capabilities that are difficult to replicate with FOSS.
  • Autodesk: Autodesk, a leading provider of geospatial software, has embraced FOSS by offering support for FOSS technologies like OpenStreetMap and the PostGIS database. They have also developed Autodesk InfraWorks, a cloud-based GIS platform that offers advanced features like 3D modeling and visualization.
  • Trimble: Trimble, a provider of geospatial hardware and software, has invested heavily in the development of their proprietary software offerings. This has included the development of Trimble Connect, a cloud-based collaboration platform that integrates with other Trimble software products. They have also acquired several companies that offer complementary geospatial software solutions, allowing them to expand their offerings and remain competitive in the market.

    The Benefits of FOSS and Proprietary Software Integration

    While FOSS and proprietary software can be seen as competing approaches to GIS and geospatial software development, there are also benefits to integrating the two. FOSS technologies can offer cost-effective solutions for specific needs, while proprietary software can offer advanced features and capabilities that are difficult to replicate with FOSS. By integrating the two, developers can offer a more comprehensive suite of software tools that can meet a wider range of user needs.

    Additionally, FOSS can serve as a proving ground for new ideas and technologies that can later be incorporated into proprietary software offerings. This can help to keep proprietary software offerings on the cutting edge of the industry and ensure that they remain competitive over the long term.

    Conclusion

    The rise of FOSS has caused many GIS and geospatial software developers to re-think their strategies and make changes to remain competitive in the industry. While there are challenges associated with FOSS, including lack of support, limited features, compatibility issues, and training requirements, there are also strategies that developers can use to address these challenges. By embracing FOSS, providing support, investing in development, and focusing on niche markets, developers can remain competitive and offer users a comprehensive suite of software tools that meet their needs.

    The integration of FOSS and proprietary software can also offer benefits by allowing developers to offer cost-effective solutions for specific needs while also providing advanced features and capabilities that are difficult to replicate with FOSS. By taking a nuanced approach to software development that incorporates both FOSS and proprietary software, developers can ensure that they remain competitive in the GIS and geospatial software industry for years to come.

    References

    • Cheng, Y., & Zhu, X. (2018). Research on the development of FOSS GIS software. In 2018 2nd International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (CSSE) (pp. 72-75). IEEE.

    • Foerster, T., & Jeske, T. (2017). The role of open source in geospatial software development. In Intelligent Decision Technologies 2017 (pp. 337-345). Springer.

    • Hsu, C. L., & Lin, J. C. (2019). An Exploratory Study of Open Source GIS Software Utilization. Sustainability, 11(17), 4704.

    • Jia, Y., Liu, C., Guo, J., & Yang, J. (2020). Analysis of Geospatial Software Development Based on Open Source Code. Applied Sciences, 10(2), 496.

    • Obe, R., & Hsu, L. (2018). PostGIS in Action. Manning Publications.

    • Yang, M., & Zhang, L. (2017). Study on the integration of open source software and proprietary software in GIS application. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 80, No. 1, p. 012021). IOP Publishing.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Proprietary GIS Software in the Age of Openness. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6387 (Accessed: 10 May 2023).
Posted on

The Concept of “Openness” in Geospatial and GIS

In recent years, the concept of “openness” has gained significant attention and momentum across various industries, including geospatial and GIS. Openness refers to the idea of making data, software, and knowledge accessible and available to everyone, with few or no restrictions. This article will explore the concept of openness, including open data, open standards, open science, and other related concepts, and how they relate to the geospatial and GIS industries.

Open Data

Open data refers to data that is made available to the public, free of charge and with no restrictions on use or distribution. The Open Data Handbook defines open data as “data that can be freely used, reused, and redistributed by anyone – subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and share alike.” Open data can include a wide range of information, such as government data, scientific data, and geospatial data.

The availability of open data has transformed the geospatial and GIS industries by enabling new opportunities for collaboration, innovation, and education. Open data has enabled the creation of new applications and tools that utilize geospatial data, such as OpenStreetMap, a collaborative mapping platform that relies on open data to create detailed and accurate maps. Open data has also enabled new approaches to scientific research, such as citizen science projects that engage the public in collecting and analyzing scientific data.

Open Standards

Open standards refer to specifications that are openly available and free for anyone to use and implement. Open standards ensure that software and data can be exchanged and used across different platforms and systems, without restrictions or barriers. The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) is an example of an organization that develops and promotes open standards for geospatial data and services.

The use of open standards has enabled interoperability between different geospatial and GIS systems, enabling users to access and use data and software across different platforms and systems. Open standards have also enabled new approaches to data sharing and collaboration, such as the use of web services and APIs to exchange and integrate data between different systems.

Open Science

Open science refers to the idea of making scientific research and knowledge accessible and available to everyone, with few or no restrictions. Open science can include open access to scientific publications, open data, and open collaboration between researchers and the public.

Open science has transformed the geospatial and GIS industries by enabling new opportunities for scientific research, collaboration, and innovation. Open science has enabled new approaches to data sharing and collaboration, such as the use of citizen science projects to collect and analyze scientific data. Open science has also enabled new approaches to scientific publishing, such as open access journals that make scientific publications available to anyone, free of charge.

Open Source Software

Open source software refers to software that is openly available and free for anyone to use, modify, and distribute. Open source software is often developed and maintained by a community of volunteers, who contribute to the development and improvement of the software. Examples of open source software in the geospatial and GIS industries include QGIS, an open source GIS software, and OpenLayers, an open source mapping library.

Open source software has transformed the geospatial and GIS industries by enabling access to affordable and customizable software solutions. Open source software has enabled new approaches to software development and collaboration, such as the use of GitHub to share and collaborate on software development projects. Open source software has also enabled new approaches to GIS education and training, such as the use of open source software in GIS curriculums.

Community and Collaboration

The concept of openness is closely tied to community and collaboration. Openness enables the creation of communities of users, developers, and advocates who share a common goal of making data, software, and knowledge accessible and available to everyone. Openness also enables collaboration between different organizations, sectors, and countries, enabling the exchange of ideas, knowledge, and resources.

The geospatial and GIS industries have a strong tradition of community and collaboration, driven by the shared goal of creating and using geospatial data and software to solve complex problems and improve decision-making. Openness has enabled the growth and development of these communities by enabling the sharing of data, software, and knowledge. The use of open data, open standards, open science, and open source software has enabled collaboration between different organizations, sectors, and countries, enabling the development of new solutions and innovations.

The use of openness in the geospatial and GIS industries has also enabled new approaches to problem-solving and decision-making. Openness has enabled the creation of participatory and citizen-led approaches to decision-making, such as the use of participatory mapping and community-based planning. Openness has also enabled new approaches to risk assessment and disaster management, such as the use of open data and crowdsourcing to map and analyze disaster risks.

Conclusion

The concept of openness, including open data, open standards, open science, and open source software, has transformed the geospatial and GIS industries by enabling new opportunities for collaboration, innovation, and education. Openness has enabled the creation of new applications and tools that utilize geospatial data, enabled interoperability between different systems, and enabled new approaches to scientific research and collaboration. Openness has also enabled new approaches to problem-solving and decision-making, enabling the creation of participatory and citizen-led approaches to decision-making and risk assessment.

The use of openness in the geospatial and GIS industries has also created a strong tradition of community and collaboration, driven by the shared goal of creating and using geospatial data and software to solve complex problems and improve decision-making. As the use of openness continues to grow and evolve, it is likely to play an increasingly important role in the geospatial and GIS industries, enabling new opportunities for innovation, collaboration, and education.

References

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). The Concept of "Openness" in Geospatial and GIS. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6385 (Accessed: 10 May 2023).
Posted on

Free and Open Source Software: Empowering the Geospatial and GIS Industries

Free and open source software (FOSS) refers to software that is released under a license that grants the user the freedom to use, modify, and redistribute the software. FOSS emerged as a response to proprietary software that restricted users’ rights and access to the source code. The establishment of FOSS has had a profound impact on the software industry and has created a community of developers, users, and advocates who support its ideals.

The concept of FOSS originated in the 1980s with the Free Software Foundation (FSF), which was founded by Richard Stallman. The FSF advocated for the creation of software that could be freely shared and modified, and Stallman created the GNU Project, which aimed to create a complete free and open source operating system. The GNU Project produced many of the tools and utilities that are commonly used in FOSS today, such as the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) and the GNU C Library.

In the 1990s, the rise of the internet and the World Wide Web enabled the spread of FOSS and the development of new FOSS projects. One of the most significant of these projects was the Linux kernel, which was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991. The Linux kernel, combined with GNU tools and utilities, created a free and open source operating system that was capable of running on a wide range of hardware.

The establishment of FOSS has created a community of developers, users, and advocates who support its ideals. FOSS developers contribute code to projects, fix bugs, and help support users. FOSS users can download and use software for free, and they also have the freedom to modify and redistribute the software. FOSS advocates promote the use of FOSS and its ideals of openness, collaboration, and community.

FOSS has had a significant impact on the geospatial and GIS industries. Geospatial data and GIS software are critical components of many industries, including environmental management, urban planning, transportation, and emergency management. FOSS has enabled the development of many powerful geospatial tools, such as QGIS, GRASS GIS, and OpenLayers, which are used by geospatial professionals around the world.

FOSS has also created opportunities for collaboration and innovation in the geospatial industry. FOSS projects are often developed by a community of contributors who share a common goal, and this collaboration can lead to the development of new features and tools that are not possible with proprietary software. FOSS also enables customization and integration with other tools, which can lead to greater efficiency and productivity for geospatial professionals.

One of the most significant examples of FOSS in the geospatial industry is OpenStreetMap (OSM). OSM is a collaborative mapping project that aims to create a free and open source map of the world. OSM has been developed by a community of contributors who collect and edit geospatial data from around the world. OSM data is used by many organizations and individuals, including governments, non-profits, and businesses, to create maps and support decision-making.

FOSS has also created opportunities for education and training in the geospatial industry. Many FOSS projects have active communities that provide support and resources for users, including documentation, tutorials, and training materials. FOSS also enables access to software and tools for individuals and organizations that may not have the resources to invest in proprietary software.

FOSS has had a significant impact on the software industry and has created a community of developers, users, and advocates who support its ideals. FOSS has enabled the development of many powerful geospatial tools and has created opportunities for collaboration, innovation, and education in the geospatial industry. As the use of geospatial data and GIS software continues to grow, FOSS will continue to play a vital role in the industry by enabling access to affordable and customizable software solutions.

However, FOSS also faces challenges and limitations. One of the biggest challenges is funding and sustainability. Many FOSS projects are developed by volunteers, and maintaining and updating software can be time-consuming and costly. Some FOSS projects have struggled to secure funding and have faced issues with sustainability. The FOSS community is constantly exploring new models for funding and sustainability, such as crowdfunding, donations, and grants.

Another challenge for FOSS is compatibility and interoperability with proprietary software. While FOSS enables customization and integration, some proprietary software vendors may not support interoperability with FOSS, which can limit the functionality and capabilities of FOSS in certain contexts. Additionally, FOSS may not always meet the specific needs of certain industries or users, which may require proprietary solutions.

Despite these challenges, FOSS continues to thrive and evolve, driven by a community of developers, users, and advocates who are committed to its ideals. FOSS has transformed the software industry and created new opportunities for collaboration, innovation, and education in the geospatial and GIS industries. As the use of geospatial data and GIS software continues to grow, FOSS will continue to play a critical role in enabling access to affordable and customizable software solutions.

References:

  1. Free Software Foundation. (n.d.). What is Free Software? Retrieved from https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.en.html

  2. The Linux Foundation. (n.d.). The History of Linux. Retrieved from https://www.linuxfoundation.org/resources/linux-history/

  3. OSM Wiki. (n.d.). About OpenStreetMap. Retrieved from https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/About_OpenStreetMap

  4. QGIS. (n.d.). What is QGIS? Retrieved from https://www.qgis.org/en/site/about/index.html

  5. OpenLayers. (n.d.). What is OpenLayers? Retrieved from https://openlayers.org/about.html

  6. Geospatial World. (2021). The role of open source in geospatial technology. Retrieved from https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs/the-role-of-open-source-in-geospatial-technology/

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Free and Open Source Software: Empowering the Geospatial and GIS Industries. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6381 (Accessed: 10 May 2023).
Posted on

A Review of Types of GIS Software Systems

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Abstract

Geographic Information System (GIS) software is an essential tool that enables the processing, analysis, and visualization of geographic data. This article aims to provide a thorough review of various types of GIS software systems, which include desktop GIS, server GIS, developer GIS, mobile GIS, raster-based GIS software system, computer-aided design (CAD)-based GIS, GIS middleware, and open-source and free software.

Introduction

The ubiquity of spatial data has propelled the importance of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in recent years. GIS allows users to capture, store, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographic information across various domains, such as urban planning, natural resource management, and disaster response (Longley, Goodchild, Maguire, & Rhind, 2015). There are several types of GIS software systems, each with unique characteristics and applications. This article provides a comprehensive overview of these different types, highlighting their features and relevance in modern GIS practice.

Desktop GIS

Desktop GIS refers to standalone software that runs on personal computers and is primarily used for data creation, editing, and visualization purposes (Heywood, Cornelius, & Carver, 2011). Some popular desktop GIS software includes ArcGIS, QGIS, and MapInfo Professional. Desktop GIS software generally offers a user-friendly interface, allowing users to perform spatial analysis, query data, create maps, and generate reports. These tools can handle small to medium-sized datasets and are ideal for individual researchers or small organizations (Longley et al., 2015).

Server GIS

Server GIS software allows multiple users to access, manipulate, and share spatial data in real-time through web services or cloud-based platforms (Peng & Tsou, 2003). This type of software is designed for organizations that need to manage large volumes of data and require collaboration between multiple users simultaneously. Examples of server GIS include ArcGIS Server, GeoServer, and MapServer. By centralizing data storage and processing, server GIS reduces redundancy and ensures that users have access to the most up-to-date information (Heywood et al., 2011).

Developer GIS

Developer GIS comprises libraries, tools, and Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) that enable software developers to create custom GIS applications for diverse user groups (Longley et al., 2015). These tools can integrate GIS functionality into existing applications or develop entirely new ones tailored to specific needs. Popular developer GIS software includes ESRI’s ArcObjects, Google Maps API, and Leaflet.js. By leveraging these tools, developers can create specialized solutions for unique spatial problems across various industries.

Mobile GIS

Mobile GIS refers to GIS software designed for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets (Tsou, 2004). This category of GIS software allows users to collect, edit, and analyze geographic data in real-time while in the field. Examples of mobile GIS applications include ArcGIS Collector, QField, and Locus Map. Mobile GIS software takes advantage of GPS technology to provide location-based services, enabling users to track assets, navigate using digital maps, and conduct field surveys efficiently (Tsou, 2004).

Other Types of GIS Software Systems

Raster-Based GIS Software System: Raster-based GIS focuses on representing continuous geographic features through grid cells or pixels, with each cell assigned a particular value (Foody, 2002). This type of GIS software is particularly useful for analyzing and modeling environmental data, such as elevation, land use, and vegetation. Examples include ERDAS IMAGINE, IDRISI, and GRASS GIS.

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) – Based GIS: CAD-based GIS integrates GIS functionality with traditional CAD systems, allowing users to create and manipulate spatial data in a familiar design environment (Karimi & Akinci, 1997). Examples of CAD-based GIS software include AutoCAD Map 3D, Bentley Map, and MicroStation GeoGraphics.

GIS Middleware (Middle Tier): GIS middleware serves as an intermediary between GIS applications and databases, facilitating communication and data exchange between different systems (Plewe, 1997). This type of software includes Esri’s ArcSDE, Oracle Spatial, and PostGIS.

Open-Source and Free Software: Open-source GIS software is developed by communities of developers who collaborate to create free, publicly available tools (Steiniger & Bocher, 2009). These solutions offer an affordable alternative to proprietary software, with popular examples including QGIS, GRASS GIS, and gvSIG.

Discussion

The diverse array of GIS software systems reflects the growing demand for sophisticated spatial analysis tools across various sectors. Each type of GIS software serves specific purposes, catering to the unique requirements of different user groups. Desktop GIS remains a popular choice for individual researchers and small organizations due to its ease of use and relatively low cost. In contrast, server GIS offers robust data management capabilities that support large-scale collaborative efforts, making it an ideal choice for organizations handling vast amounts of spatial data.

Meanwhile, developer GIS empowers software developers to build custom applications tailored to specific industry needs, fostering innovation in the field of GIS. Mobile GIS enhances fieldwork efficiency by enabling real-time data collection and analysis on-site, streamlining workflows and improving decision-making processes. Specialized GIS software systems, such as raster-based GIS and CAD-based GIS, address particular spatial problem domains by offering specialized tools and techniques tailored to those contexts.

Open-source and free software options provide accessible alternatives to commercial GIS solutions, encouraging the democratization of spatial data analysis and promoting knowledge sharing within the GIS community. The availability of various types of GIS software ensures that users can select the most appropriate tools for their specific needs, maximizing the potential benefits of incorporating GIS into their workflows.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the landscape of GIS software systems is vast and varied, with each type catering to distinct user needs and requirements. Understanding the differences between these various systems is crucial for selecting the most suitable tools for a given context. The ongoing development and evolution of GIS software will undoubtedly continue to shape the way we approach spatial data analysis and visualization, empowering users to make informed decisions and derive valuable insights from geographic information.

References

Foody, G. M. (2002). Status of land cover classification accuracy assessment. Remote Sensing of Environment, 80(1), 185-201.

Heywood, I., Cornelius, S., & Carver, S. (2011). An introduction to Geographical Information Systems (4th ed.). Pearson.

Karimi, H. A., & Akinci, B. (1997). Integration of CAD and GIS: A study on data exchange. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling (Vol. 2, pp. 68-77).

Longley, P. A., Goodchild, M. F., Maguire, D. J., & Rhind, D. W. (2015). Geographic Information Science and Systems (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

Peng, Z.-R., & Tsou, M.-H. (2003). Internet GIS: Distributed Geographic Information Services for the Internet and wireless networks. John Wiley & Sons.

Plewe, B. (1997). GIS online: Information retrieval, mapping, and the Internet. OnWord Press.

Steiniger, S., & Bocher, E. (2009). An overview of current free and open source desktop GIS developments. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 23(10), 1345-1370.

Tsou, M. H. (2004). Integrated mobile GIS and wireless internet map servers for environmental monitoring and management. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 31(3), 153-165.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). A Review of Types of GIS Software Systems. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6377 (Accessed: 18 April 2023).
Posted on

An Analysis of the “11 Tech Trends to Watch in 2023”

Introduction

The acceleration of technological innovation presents an abundance of opportunities and challenges. The article “11 Tech Trends to Watch in 2023” by Nick Routley and Mark Belan, published on Visual Capitalist, explores some of the most promising developments according to a report by CB Insights. This critical analysis delves into the validity, significance, and potential impact of these trends, while presenting alternative viewpoints and dissenting opinions.

  1. Immortality-as-a-service

Immortality-as-a-service refers to leveraging advanced technology in healthcare and biotechnology to extend human lifespan and improve our quality of life. Though the idea is ambitious, ethical concerns and feasibility issues arise. For instance, overpopulation and resource allocation could become more pressing with increased longevity. Additionally, immortality remains an elusive goal, with incremental advancements in life extension being more probable. Dissenting opinions argue that investments should focus on combating existing medical issues before venturing into uncharted territory.

  1. The secret invasion of super apps

Super apps consolidate multiple services into a single platform, offering convenience and streamlining user experience. While their development holds promise, monopolies and privacy concerns may arise. Regulators must assess the balance between fostering innovation and protecting consumers from potential abuse.

  1. Fintech’s rapid regeneration

Financial technology has revolutionized the finance industry, enabling access to banking services globally. However, some argue that fintech’s rapid growth may contribute to economic instability and elevate cybersecurity risks. Policymakers must work in tandem with financial institutions to ensure regulatory frameworks are adaptive and robust.

  1. Bots in the house

The increasing utilization of bots in homes presents numerous opportunities for automation and efficiency. Nevertheless, the reliance on technology raises ethical dilemmas regarding data privacy and job displacement. A balanced approach must be taken to address these concerns while maximizing benefits.

  1. Virtual power plants

Virtual power plants (VPPs) integrate renewable energy sources, offering a decentralized and efficient energy system. Critics argue that the initial investment and maintenance costs may outweigh benefits, and centralized power plants should still play a significant role in meeting energy demands. A hybrid solution, where VPPs co-exist with traditional power plants, may strike a balance between sustainability and practicality.

  1. Healthcare’s invisibility trick

The trend toward inconspicuous healthcare technologies, such as wearable devices, emphasizes preventive care and early intervention. While this has potential to revolutionize patient experiences, it also raises concerns over data privacy and security. Stricter regulations and advancements in encryption technology are essential to address these issues.

  1. Smell goes digital

Digitizing olfactory senses could result in various applications, from enhancing virtual reality experiences to detecting hazardous substances. However, replicating the complexity of human sensory perception remains a significant challenge. The feasibility of digital smell technology must be weighed against other pressing technological developments.

  1. Femtech turns to menopause

As femtech addresses an underserved market by targeting menopause, it simultaneously fosters gender equity and innovation. Nonetheless, critics argue that proprietary algorithms and limited accessibility may exacerbate existing socioeconomic disparities. Collaboration between public and private sectors is necessary to ensure inclusive access to these technologies.

  1. The bio-based materials boom

Bio-based materials present a sustainable alternative to traditional, non-renewable resources. Nevertheless, scalability and cost-effectiveness remain obstacles to widespread adoption. Investments in research and development are crucial to overcome these limitations and transition to a circular economy.

  1. India’s tech ascent

India’s growing prominence in the tech industry offers opportunities for economic growth and global collaboration. However, concerns over brain drain and income inequality underscore the need for equitable policies and skill development programs to ensure shared prosperity.

  1. Regenerative agtech takes root

Regenerative agricultural technology (agtech) promotes sustainable farming practices to combat climate change and resource depletion. Dissenting voices argue that agtech might foster dependence on technology and hinder traditional knowledge. A balance between embracing innovation and preserving cultural heritage is essential to ensure long-term sustainability.

Conclusion

The “11 Tech Trends to Watch in 2023” article offers a comprehensive overview of the most promising technological developments. While each trend holds potential for significant advancements, it is crucial to critically evaluate their implications and address foreseeable challenges. This analysis has highlighted the need for balanced approaches, regulatory oversight, and collaborative efforts to maximize benefits and minimize potential risks associated with rapid technological innovation.

Posted on

Approaches in Developing GIS Software

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Abstract

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have become indispensable tools to a wide array of fields, including environmental management, urban planning, and public health. As the demand for GIS continues to grow, so does the need for innovative GIS software. This article examines four distinct approaches to GIS software development, ranging from writing code without help from existing GIS software to integrating GIS functions through loose and tight coupling methods.

Introduction

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are powerful computer-based tools that allow users to collect, store, analyze, and manipulate geographic data. The proliferation and advancement of GIS have been instrumental in resolving complex spatial problems across various disciplines (Heywood, Cornelius & Carver, 2011). To cater to the diverse needs of different domains, numerous approaches to GIS software development have been devised. The following sections delve into four prominent approaches: (1) writing code without help from existing GIS software; (2) customizing existing GIS software; (3) creating new functions using GIS macros/scripts; (4) loosely and tightly coupled integration.

Approach 1 – Write Your Own Code Without Help From Existing GIS Software

Developing GIS software from scratch entails a significant amount of time, effort, and technical expertise (Burrough & McDonnell, 1998). However, this approach allows developers to create tailor-made solutions specific to a particular problem or user group, thereby ensuring optimal performance and seamless compatibility with other systems (Longley et al., 2015). Furthermore, designing GIS software from the ground up facilitates the incorporation of novel algorithms, techniques, and data structures that may not be present in pre-existing software (Worboys & Duckham, 2004).

Despite its advantages, writing code without utilizing existing GIS software presents several challenges. First, it requires a deep understanding of geospatial concepts, data formats, and programming languages (Chang, 2016). Second, the development process can be time-consuming and resource-intensive, particularly for small organizations or individual developers. Finally, this approach may result in a lack of standardization and interoperability with other GIS software, potentially limiting its usability across different platforms (Goodchild, 1992).

Approach 2 – Customizing Existing GIS Software

Customizing existing GIS software involves modifying and extending the functionality of commercial or open-source GIS platforms to suit specific requirements (Steiniger & Bocher, 2009). This approach benefits from the extensive features, documentation, and user communities associated with popular GIS platforms, such as ArcGIS, QGIS, and GRASS GIS. Consequently, customization reduces development time and costs compared to building software from scratch.

Examples of customization include developing plugins or extensions that add new tools or capabilities to the core software or creating custom scripts that automate routine tasks (Tomlinson, 2013). Although customization generally offers greater flexibility than using off-the-shelf software, it is inevitably constrained by the underlying architecture and design of the original platform (Heywood et al., 2011).

Approach 3 – Creating New Functions Using GIS Macro/Scripts

This approach enables developers to create new functionalities for existing GIS software by leveraging macros or scripting languages (e.g., Python, R, or JavaScript) (Chang, 2016). Macros/scripts are relatively easy to learn and implement, making them an attractive option for developers with limited programming experience (Longley et al., 2015). In addition, macros/scripts facilitate rapid prototyping and testing of new functions, thereby expediting the development process.

However, relying solely on macros/scripts may restrict access to lower-level system functions and data structures, potentially limiting the performance and sophistication of newly developed tools (Worboys & Duckham, 2004). Furthermore, compatibility issues may arise when attempting to share macros/scripts across different software platforms or versions (Steiniger & Bocher, 2009).

Approach 4 – Loosely and Tightly Coupled Integration

Loose coupling and tight coupling are two distinct methods for integrating GIS functions with other software systems. Loose coupling facilitates modularity and flexibility by connecting separate software components through well-defined interfaces such as web services or APIs (Goodchild, Fu & Rich, 2007), thereby allowing developers to interchange components without affecting overall system function (Chang, 2016). This approach is particularly advantageous for projects necessitating interoperability between multiple systems, as it enables data and functionality exchange via standardized interfaces (Bian, 2012). However, loose coupling may not always yield optimal performance and seamless integration, potentially leading to slower execution times and user interface inconsistencies (Xiao et al., 2008).

Conversely, tight coupling involves embedding GIS functions directly within another software application, creating a close interdependence between the systems (Longley et al., 2015). While this method may result in improved performance and tighter integration, it also introduces complexity and potential maintenance issues, especially when upgrading or modifying individual components (Heywood et al., 2011). Tight coupling is well-suited for projects demanding a customized and highly performant solution where GIS functionality plays a central role in the software’s purpose (Tomlinson, 2013). Nevertheless, the increased complexity and maintenance challenges that come with tight coupling require careful consideration of component interdependencies during system upgrades or modifications (Worboys & Duckham, 2004).

Discussion

The four approaches to GIS software development discussed in this article offer different levels of flexibility, complexity, and customization. Each approach has distinct advantages and disadvantages that must be carefully weighed according to the specific needs and resources of the project at hand.

Approach 1 (writing code without existing GIS software) offers the highest degree of customization but also entails a substantial investment of time, expertise, and resources. This approach may be suitable for projects requiring highly specialized solutions or those seeking to incorporate novel algorithms or techniques not available in existing software.

Approach 2 (customizing existing GIS software) provides a more efficient and cost-effective method for tailoring GIS platforms to specific requirements. This approach benefits from the existing features, documentation, and user communities of popular GIS software. However, it is inherently constrained by the design and architecture of the underlying platform, limiting customization potential compared to Approach 1.

Approach 3 (creating new functions using macros/scripts) offers a rapid and accessible means for extending GIS functionality with limited programming experience required. While this approach is well-suited for prototyping and testing new functions, it may restrict access to lower-level system functions and data structures, thus limiting performance and sophistication.

Approach 4 (loosely and tightly coupled integration) focuses on integrating GIS functions with other software systems. Loose coupling emphasizes modularity and interoperability, making it ideal for projects involving multiple systems. On the other hand, tight coupling provides closer integration and improved performance at the expense of increased complexity and maintenance challenges.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the choice of GIS software development approach largely depends on the objectives, resources, and constraints of the project. Developers must carefully assess the desired level of customization, integration, and performance against the required time, expertise, and resource commitments. As the demand for GIS continues to expand across numerous fields, understanding these various approaches can help ensure the successful development and implementation of innovative GIS software tailored to address the diverse and evolving needs of different domains. Future research in this area would benefit from case studies and comparative analyses of these approaches to further elucidate their relative strengths and weaknesses, as well as exploring emerging trends and techniques in GIS software development.

References

Bian, L. (2012). Spatial Approaches to Modeling Dispersion in Network Space. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 102(5), 998-1006.

Burrough, P. A., & McDonnell, R. A. (1998). Principles of Geographic Information Systems. Oxford University Press.

Chang, K. T. (2016). Introduction to Geographic Information Systems. McGraw-Hill Education.

Goodchild, M. F. (1992). Geographical information science. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 6(1), 31-45.

Goodchild, M. F., Fu, P., & Rich, P. (2007). Sharing geographic information: An assessment of the geospatial one-stop. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 97(2), 250-266.

Heywood, I., Cornelius, S., & Carver, S. (2011). An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems. Pearson Education Limited.

Longley, P. A., Goodchild, M. F., Maguire, D. J., & Rhind, D. W. (2015). Geographic Information Science and Systems. John Wiley & Sons.

Steiniger, S., & Bocher, E. (2009). An overview on current free and open source desktop GIS developments. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 23(10), 1345-1370.

Tomlinson, R. (2013). Thinking About GIS: Geographic Information System Planning for Managers. ESRI Press.

Worboys, M., & Duckham, M. (2004). GIS: A Computing Perspective. CRC Press.

Xiao, N., Kwan, M. P., Lin, H., & Wang, D. (2008). Integration of GIS and visualization for the development of a spatial decision support system. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 35(1), 29-45.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Approaches in Developing GIS Software. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6370 (Accessed: 15 April 2023).
Posted on

Anjung Kasih for All: Percuma Kepada Yang Memerlukan

Anjung Kasih for All telah memulakan operasinya pada 30 Mac 2023 di Anjung Wawasan, Bangunan Canseleri Sultan Ibrahim (bersebelahan parkir TNC/bersebelahan lif). Program ini merupakan satu inisiatif di bawah Jabatan Pendaftar dengan kerjasama wakil-wakil persatuan di UTM untuk membantu staf dan pelajar yang memerlukan dan kurang berkemampuan.

Selain bantuan makanan, bantuan pakaian juga disediakan, termasuklah pakaian tradisional seperti Baju Kurung, Baju Melayu, Blouse, dan Samping. Mereka yang memerlukan dijemput untuk mengambil pakaian tersebut di Anjung Wawasan pada waktu yang telah ditetapkan.

Kami berharap agar anda dapat membantu menyebarkan maklumat ini kepada golongan yang memerlukan supaya dapat membantu sesama kita. Dengan sumbangan ini, kami berharap dapat menceriakan golongan yang memerlukan dan kurang berkemampuan sempena menyambut Hari Raya yang bakal tiba tidak lama lagi.

Untuk sebarang pertanyaan, sila hubungi urus setia seperti berikut:

  1. Puan Hazila binti Rahmat (hazila@utm.my/07-5530773)
  2. Puan Azlyna binti Yunus (azlyna@utm.my/07-5530420)
  3. Puan Nurul Natasha binti Mat Jusoh (nurul.natasha@utm.my/07-5530431)