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Sub-Meter Accuracy in Consumer Smartphones: Advancements and Challenges in GNSS Positioning

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Source: https://blog.junipersys.com

Sub-meter accuracy in the context of GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) refers to the capability of a receiver to determine its position with an accuracy of less than one meter, typically in the range of centimeters or decimeters. This level of accuracy is highly desirable for various applications, including augmented reality, precise navigation, surveying, agriculture, and other location-based services where high precision is crucial.

To achieve sub-meter accuracy, GNSS receivers need access to highly accurate and precise satellite positioning data. Traditional consumer-grade GNSS receivers, such as those found in smartphones, typically provide accuracy in the range of a few meters, which is sufficient for many general navigation purposes but not suitable for applications requiring high precision.

Several factors contribute to the challenge of achieving sub-meter accuracy in consumer smartphones:

  1. Limited Observables: Consumer smartphones typically have limited access to the satellite constellations and signals. For instance, they may receive only L1 (single frequency) signals from GPS and Galileo constellations, while multi-frequency access is limited to only certain satellites.
  2. Noisy Environment: Smartphones have compact designs, and their GNSS antennas are often shared with other communication hardware like Bluetooth and Wi-Fi receivers. This setup leads to noisy electromagnetic interference, reducing the signal quality from GNSS satellites.
  3. Signal Quality and Multipath: The quality of GNSS signals received by smartphones can be affected by factors like multipath, where the signals bounce off surrounding objects, causing inaccuracies in the position calculation.
  4. Real-Time Constraints: Achieving sub-meter accuracy in real-time is more challenging than post-processing data after collection. Real-time positioning requires fast and efficient algorithms that can handle the limited observations and noisy environment of smartphones.

To address these challenges and achieve sub-meter accuracy, researchers and developers have been working on innovative methodologies and algorithms. Some of the techniques used to improve accuracy in consumer smartphones include:

  1. Precise Point Positioning (PPP): PPP is a GNSS positioning technique that can achieve high accuracy by using advanced mathematical models to account for ionospheric and tropospheric errors. By combining dual-frequency measurements when available and using real-time ionospheric models, PPP can enhance the accuracy of single-frequency observations.
  2. SFDF Combination: Single-Frequency Dual-Frequency (SFDF) combination is a method to combine L1 (single frequency) and L5 (dual-frequency) observations in smartphones. This technique compensates for the lack of dual-frequency measurements in most satellites, improving the accuracy of positioning results.
  3. Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) Weighting: SNR is a measure of the signal quality received by the smartphone’s GNSS receiver. Applying SNR weighting in the positioning algorithm can help filter out poor-quality measurements and improve the overall accuracy.
  4. Pre-processing Filters: Implementing pre-processing filters to remove poor-quality observations caused by multipath or other interference can enhance the accuracy of the final position solution.
  5. Real-Time Corrections: Accessing real-time corrections from GNSS augmentation systems or base stations can significantly improve the accuracy of the positioning results.

Despite the challenges, ongoing research and advancements in GNSS technology have made it possible to achieve sub-meter accuracy on consumer smartphones. By implementing sophisticated algorithms, utilizing real-time corrections, and optimizing the use of available observations, smartphone users can experience improved accuracy, making it suitable for various high-precision applications.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Sub-Meter Accuracy in Consumer Smartphones: Advancements and Challenges in GNSS Positioning. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6588 (Accessed: 31 July 2023).
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A Review: Accuracy for the Masses: Real-Time Sub-Meter in a Consumer Receiver?

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Accuracy for the Masses: Real-Time Sub-Meter in a Consumer Receiver?

Authors: Joshua Critchley-Marrows, Marco Fortunato and William Roberts

Publication Date: April 6, 2020

The article discusses a new methodology aimed at achieving sub-meter Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) accuracies in consumer devices such as smartphones. The goal is to enable applications like augmented reality and visually impaired navigation to function with higher precision. The article explores the challenges of achieving high accuracy in mass-market GNSS receivers, especially in the context of real-time positioning. It also introduces an alternative approach to Precise Point Positioning (PPP) to improve accuracy in challenging receiver environments.

Key Points:

  1. Challenges in Mass-Market GNSS Receivers: Mass-market GNSS receivers in consumer devices have limitations such as limited observation data from satellite constellations and restricted access to multi-frequency measurements. Additionally, the design of smartphones, with shared antennas and other communication hardware, can introduce noise and interference, affecting positioning accuracy. As a result, the typical accuracy achievable in ideal conditions is a few meters.
  2. Sub-Meter Accuracy Goals: The article sets a benchmark of achieving 50 cm accuracy for smartphone positioning due to the increasing demand for location-based apps requiring higher precision.
  3. The FLAMINGO Initiative: The methodology presented in the article is developed as part of the FLAMINGO initiative, which enables real-time PPP and Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) GNSS positioning on smartphones. The FLAMINGO service has achieved sub-meter positioning accuracies in real-time, but it relies on base station infrastructure within approximately 30 km of the user.
  4. Methodology Overview: The proposed methodology involves modifications to traditional GNSS processing. It includes a preprocessing stage to remove poor GNSS observables, a combination of single-frequency PPP with dual-frequency ionospheric-free combination, and signal-to-noise ratio and elevation-based noise weighting.
  5. Poor-Measurement Rejection: The preprocessing stage filters out poor GNSS observables using three detection strategies: Code-Minus-Carrier, Phase Range Rate, and Pseudorange Rate. These strategies identify and remove observations with errors caused by factors like multipath or cycle slips.
  6. SFDF Combination: To compensate for the mix of single-frequency and dual-frequency observations from smartphones or mass-market receivers, the methodology proposes the use of SFDF (Single Frequency, Dual Frequency) combination. This combination reduces error terms and improves vertical accuracy.
  7. Model Weighting: The methodology uses both elevation and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as weights in the GNSS processing algorithm. The combination of these weights enhances the precision of the positioning solution.
  8. Implementation and Test Results: The methodology is tested on real-time receiver trials, and the results are compared to an idealized post-processing scenario. The real-time solutions show less accuracy compared to the post-processed ideal case due to the challenges and limitations of smartphone environments. The SFDF model and SNR weighting show improvements in vertical accuracy.

Conclusion

The article presents a novel methodology to achieve sub-meter GNSS accuracies in consumer devices like smartphones. While the ideal case demonstrates high accuracy in post-processing, real-time implementation faces challenges due to the complex and noisy environment of smartphones. Nevertheless, the methodology shows promise for improving vertical accuracy and provides valuable insights for future GNSS research and development in consumer applications. Achieving sub-meter accurate PPP in real-time remains a goal with significant potential benefits.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). A Review: Accuracy for the Masses: Real-Time Sub-Meter in a Consumer Receiver? [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6586 (Accessed: 31 July 2023).
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Development of A Web Map-Based Muslim Cemetery Application in Kangkar Pulai

https://kppusara.kstutm.com

Alhamdulillah… Praise be to God, and with His blessings, I am delighted to share the successful completion of another undergraduate dissertation under my supervision. Muhammad Syafiq bin Mat Tahir, a student pursuing a Bachelor of Science in Geoinformatics during the session 2022/2023, has accomplished a remarkable project titled “Development of A Web Map-Based Muslim Cemetery Application in Kangkar Pulai.”

Throughout his project, Muhammad Syafiq skillfully designed a website accessible through the URL: https://kppusara.kstutm.com. This website serves as an invaluable resource for the public, enabling them to effortlessly search for grave information and precise locations within Kampung Melayu Kangkar Pulai, Johor.

The significance of this project cannot be overstated, as it stands to provide numerous benefits to the community. With the easy-to-use interface and comprehensive cemetery information at their fingertips, users will be able to find and locate graves more efficiently, easing the burden during their visits and fostering a deeper connection with their departed loved ones.

Muhammad Syafiq’s dedication and ingenuity in developing this web-based application are commendable, as it demonstrates the practical application of geospatial in addressing real-world challenges and serving the needs of the local community. Undoubtedly, this accomplishment reflects his hard work and the knowledge he has acquired during his academic journey.

As a supervisor, I am immensely proud of Muhammad Syafiq’s achievements and the positive impact his project will have on the community. It is my hope that this work will inspire others to explore innovative solutions that leverage technology for the betterment of society. Congratulations to Muhammad Syafiq bin Mat Tahir for his exceptional work, and may his efforts continue to bring benefits and advancements to the field of Geoinformatics and beyond.

Friday, July 28, 2023.

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Revolutionising EV Charging

Source: SoyaCincau.com

The introduction of a mobile “EV powerbank” service, such as the EV Charge Go, represents a significant advancement in the realm of electric vehicles (EVs) and their accessibility. This innovative solution seems to address one of the key concerns surrounding EV adoption – the availability of charging infrastructure and the need for fast and convenient charging options.

The idea of being able to book a mobile EV powerbank and have it delivered to your doorstep is incredibly convenient. It effectively eliminates the worry of finding a nearby charging station or having to wait in line for an available charging point, which is often a concern for EV owners, especially in areas with limited charging infrastructure. This service could potentially transform the way people perceive and use electric vehicles, making them a more viable and practical option for daily commuting and long-distance travel alike.

The pricing structure, starting from RM22 for a 15-minute charge, including the deployment fee, appears to be reasonably competitive. However, it would be important to compare it with the cost of charging at traditional fixed charging stations to understand the value proposition better. The convenience and time-saving aspect of this service could justify the slightly higher cost for some users, but it would also be essential to ensure that the pricing remains competitive in the evolving EV market.

While the concept of a mobile EV powerbank is promising, there are several aspects to consider for its widespread implementation. Firstly, the range and capacity of these power banks need to be sufficient to cater to various EV models and battery sizes. It would be crucial to have a standardized and adaptable power bank that can serve a wide range of vehicles to ensure widespread adoption and avoid compatibility issues.

Moreover, the environmental impact of such a service should also be taken into account. The power banks themselves need to be charged, and the energy source for that charging could influence the overall sustainability of the service. Ideally, the power bank charging should be powered by renewable energy sources to align with the goal of reducing carbon emissions and promoting eco-friendly mobility.

Additionally, the scalability and availability of the mobile EV powerbank service need to be carefully planned. As the number of EV users grows, there will be a higher demand for such services, and it will be essential to have a robust logistical system in place to ensure timely deliveries and adequate coverage in various regions.

In conclusion, the introduction of a mobile “EV powerbank” service like EV Charge Go is an exciting development that has the potential to significantly enhance the convenience and accessibility of EV charging. The concept addresses one of the main barriers to EV adoption and offers a promising solution for urban dwellers, long-distance travelers, and areas with limited charging infrastructure. However, careful consideration must be given to factors like pricing, compatibility, sustainability, and scalability to ensure its long-term success and positive impact on the EV industry and the environment.

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KPpusara Website: Laman Web Tanah Perkuburan Melayu Kangkar Pulai

https://kppusara.kstutm.com

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Landing web page
Web map of the grave
Searching deceased information page

URL: https://kppusara.kstutm.com

Presenting the remarkable and forward-thinking project developed by Muhammad Syafiq bin Mat Tahir, a final year student pursuing a Bachelor of Science in Geoinformatics during the session 2022/2023, under the expert guidance of Dr. Shahabuddin bin Amerudin. The culmination of his academic journey resulted in the creation of an ingenious web map-based Muslim Cemetery application for Kampung Melayu Kangkar Pulai, Johor.

Muhammad Syafiq’s unwavering dedication to this project is evident in the two intensive semesters he spent meticulously crafting every aspect of the application. He commenced with an in-depth user requirement analysis, engaging with the community to truly understand their needs. This empathetic approach ensured that the application was tailor-made to cater to the specific requirements of the cemetery’s stakeholders.

To enrich the application’s accuracy and relevance, Muhammad Syafiq personally undertook extensive on-site data collection, leaving no stone unturned to ensure that each grave’s location and details were meticulously documented. Through the adept use of advanced geospatial techniques, he skillfully integrated this comprehensive data with orthophoto imagery, seamlessly incorporating it into the web map. As a result, users can effortlessly navigate the map and access a wealth of information at their fingertips.

The heart of the application lies in its website development, meticulously constructed using a robust PHP-MySQL framework. Muhammad Syafiq’s coding expertise shines through in the application’s intuitive user interface and smooth functionality. The website’s elegant design and user-friendly experience set it apart from conventional cemetery management methods, bringing digital innovation to a traditionally analog domain.

Beyond the technical prowess, Muhammad Syafiq didn’t stop there. He conducted rigorous system evaluations, continuously seeking feedback and iterating to refine the application’s performance and address any potential issues. This commitment to constant improvement ensures that the application remains efficient and reliable, meeting the needs of users consistently.

Following a successful deployment and hosting at https://kppusara.kstutm.com, the application is already reaping remarkable benefits. Users can now effortlessly search for and locate graves of their loved ones, reducing the burden of time and effort and providing a meaningful and user-friendly experience. The application’s seamless integration of advanced technology has the potential to greatly enhance community engagement, fostering a strong sense of connection among cemetery visitors. Furthermore, the website’s responsive design ensures accessibility across different platforms and devices, allowing users to enjoy its features with utmost convenience.

Moreover, the digital transition from conventional paper and pen methods to a web map-based solution offers unparalleled efficiency and sustainability. Syafiq’s innovation not only modernizes cemetery management practices but also helps preserve environmental resources by reducing paper usage and waste.

In conclusion, Muhammad Syafiq bin Mat Tahir’s Muslim Cemetery application exemplifies the true spirit of innovation and social impact. Beyond its technical prowess, the project brings together compassion, empathy, and sustainability in a remarkable way. Its potential to revolutionize cemetery management and create a more connected community makes it a trailblazing contribution, setting a new standard for how technology can positively influence traditional practices.

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Dunia Geospatial II

Dunia Geospatial I
Sambungan: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=5536

Oleh Shahabuddin Amerudin

Di setiap koordinat yang tertulis dengan indah,
Terbentang kisah tanah, laut, dan langit yang luas,
Peta ini menjadi jendela ke dunia yang nyata,
Melalui geospatial, semua rahasia terungkap dengan jelas.

Dari hutan tebal hingga padang pasir tandus,
Jejak manusia dan alam saling berpaut erat,
Titik-titik data menjadi benang merah cerita,
Yang menjalin sejarah, masa kini, dan masa yang akan datang.

Tak hanya sekedar angka, koordinat, atau nama tempat,
Geospatial membuka jendela ke kompleksiti kehidupan,
Dengan teknologi kita bisa menjelajahi masa lalu,
Serta meramalkan arah masa depan yang terbuka lebar.

Namun jangan kita melupakan, di balik layar digital,
Ada alam yang rentan, perlu perlindungan dan perhatian,
Peta bukan hanya tentang data, tapi tanggung jawab,
Melindungi bumi yang indah, tujuan mulia kita sebagai insan.

Jadi mari kita terus menggali, meneroka setiap sudut,
Dunia geospatial tak hanya tentang ilmu,
Tapi juga tentang bagaimana kita mengurus bumi ini,
Agar generasi mendatang tetap saksikan keajaibannya dengan bahagia.

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Review Article: World Sees Record Heat Waves

Source: https://www.statista.com/chart/27403/global-heat-waves/

The article by Anna Fleck discusses global heatwaves and presents preliminary data from the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) regarding recent temperature records. It highlights that the world has just experienced the hottest week on record (average July 3-9) following the hottest June on record.

The article provides examples of temperature records being broken in various regions around the world. In South Asia, an exceptional heatwave occurred in April and May 2023, resulting in national temperature records being broken in Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos. Australia and Uruguay also matched their national temperature records last year, while the UK saw its all-time high temperature surpassing 40°C in July 2022.

The article further mentions peak temperatures recorded in Canada, Turkey, Spain, and Italy during the summer of 2021, which was described as one of the hottest on Earth. The temperature recorded in Syracuse, Italy, at 48.8°C, is reported to be the highest ever measured in Europe, pending certification by the WMO. Additionally, it highlights temperature records in Antarctica, France, Belgium, and Germany in recent years.

The article concludes by mentioning the highest officially recorded temperature on Earth, which occurred in Furnace Creek, California, in 1913, reaching 56.7°C. This record still stands.

Overall, the article provides a brief overview of recent global heatwaves and records broken in various countries. It highlights the severity and frequency of extreme heat events occurring in different regions around the world.

Source: https://www.statista.com/chart/27403/global-heat-waves/

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Review Article: World Sees Record Heat Waves. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6542 (Accessed: 13 July 2023).
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Wujudku BayanganMu

Usah lari mengejar bayanganmu
Henti langkah jika kau sedar
Tunduk bersimpuh hadap dirimu
Dirimu adalah bayanganNya

Jangan tempuh sempadan Laisa
Pasti langkahmu akan tersasar
Pandanglah alam jua dirimu
Semua ternyata wajahNya

Wujud ku bayanganMu
Wujud ku wajahMu
Wujud ku bayanganMu
Wujud ku wajahMu

Bukan aku DiriMu
Ku sekadar ceritaMu
Bukan aku DiriMu
Ku sekadar ceritaMu

Kau tiada pada si buta
Engkau Nyata pada yang tahu
Kau tiada pada si buta
Engkau Nyata pada yang tahu

Dibalik mata Kau yang memandangMu
Hilanglah aku nyata wujudMu
Dibalik mata kau yang memandangMu
Hilanglah aku nyata wujudMu

Wujud ku bayanganMu
Wujud ku wajahMu
Wujud ku bayanganMu
Wujud ku wajahMu

Bukan aku DiriMu
Ku sekadar ceritaMu
Bukan aku DiriMu
Ku sekadar ceritaMu

Kau tiada pada si buta
Engkau Nyata pada yang tahu
Kau tiada pada si buta
Engkau Nyata pada yang tahu

Dibalik mata Kau yang memandangMu
Hilanglah aku nyata wujudMu
Dibalik mata Kau yang memandangMu
Hilanglah aku nyata wujudMu

Hilanglah aku nyata wujudMu

Hilanglah aku nyata wujudMu.

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Teka-teki

Engkau engkau
Aku Aku

Aku bukan engkau
Engkau bukan Aku

Aku adalah engkau
Engkau adalah Aku

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Understanding Location Accuracy Requirements in Various Applications

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Introduction

Location accuracy plays a vital role in numerous applications, enabling precise positioning, navigation, and tailored experiences. Different applications have varying location accuracy requirements based on their specific use cases and objectives. In this article, we explore a range of applications and their location accuracy needs, spanning from high accuracy requirements in the millimeter range to general accuracy needs within a few meters.

  1. Surveying and Mapping Applications (mm to cm accuracy): Applications used for professional surveying, cartography, or mapping often require extremely high accuracy. These applications demand location accuracy in the millimeter to centimeter range to ensure precise delineation of boundaries, topographical mapping, and engineering projects.
  2. Autonomous Vehicles (cm accuracy): Autonomous vehicles, including self-driving cars, require reliable and accurate positioning for safe navigation. Location accuracy within the centimeter range is necessary to ensure precise localization and path planning, enabling vehicles to detect obstacles and make accurate driving decisions.
  3. Augmented Reality (AR) Applications (cm to dm accuracy): AR applications that overlay virtual content on the real world require moderate accuracy for proper alignment. Location accuracy within the centimeter to decimeter range is typically sufficient to ensure virtual objects are accurately placed and aligned with the physical environment.
  4. Precision Agriculture (dm accuracy): Applications used in precision agriculture, such as crop monitoring or autonomous farming, benefit from location accuracy within the decimeter range. This level of accuracy allows for precise mapping of field conditions, targeted application of resources, and monitoring of crop health.
  5. Construction and Building Information Modeling (BIM) (dm to m accuracy): Construction and BIM applications require accurate positioning for planning and coordination. Location accuracy within the decimeter to meter range helps ensure accurate alignment of building elements, clash detection, and accurate material takeoffs.
  6. Emergency Services (m accuracy): Emergency services applications, including emergency response and disaster management systems, require location accuracy within a few meters. This level of accuracy is critical for quickly and accurately identifying the location of emergencies, coordinating response efforts, and providing timely assistance.
  7. Navigation and Routing Applications (m accuracy): Navigation and routing applications, such as turn-by-turn navigation or route planning, generally require accuracy within a few meters. This level of accuracy enables accurate guidance, real-time traffic updates, and reliable estimated time of arrival (ETA) calculations.
  8. Geolocation-Based Services (m accuracy): Geolocation-based services, including finding nearby points of interest or location-based recommendations, typically require accuracy within a few meters. This level of accuracy ensures relevant information is provided based on the user’s proximity to specific locations.
  9. Fitness and Activity Tracking Apps (m accuracy): Fitness and activity tracking apps, such as running or cycling trackers, often require accuracy within a few meters. This level of accuracy is sufficient for mapping and tracking user movements during various activities.
  10. Social Media Check-In Apps (m accuracy): Social media check-in apps rely on accurate location information to tag user posts with their current location. Accuracy within a few meters ensures that users can accurately share their location and connect with others nearby.
  11. Weather and Environmental Monitoring (m accuracy): Weather and environmental monitoring apps provide localized weather forecasts or track environmental conditions. Accuracy within a few meters helps provide accurate and location-specific weather information.
  12. Public Transportation Apps (tens of meters accuracy): Public transportation apps that provide information on bus or train schedules typically require accuracy within tens of meters. This level of accuracy ensures accurate departure and arrival information, and helps users locate nearby transit stops or stations.
  13. Real Estate and Property Apps (tens of meters accuracy): Real estate and property apps, including property search or rental platforms, benefit from accuracy within tens of meters. This level of accuracy helps users find properties in their desired location or explore nearby amenities.
  14. Location-Based Gaming Apps (tens of meters accuracy): Location-based gaming apps, such as treasure hunts or location-based challenges, generally require accuracy within tens of meters. This level of accuracy allows for precise placement of in-game elements and enhances the gaming experience by aligning virtual content with the user’s physical surroundings. However, in some cases, the required accuracy is typically within a few meters.
  15. Social Networking and Local Recommendations (tens to hundreds of meters accuracy): Social networking apps and local recommendation platforms often rely on accuracy within tens to hundreds of meters. This level of accuracy provides a general idea of the user’s location, allowing for location-based social interactions and delivering relevant recommendations based on nearby points of interest.
  16. Outdoor Recreation and Adventure Apps (tens to hundreds of meters accuracy): Outdoor recreation and adventure apps, such as hiking or trail mapping applications, generally require accuracy within tens to hundreds of meters. This level of accuracy allows users to navigate trails, find landmarks, and plan their outdoor activities effectively. However, in some cases, the required accuracy is typically within a few meters.
  17. Delivery and Logistics Apps (tens to hundreds of meters accuracy): Delivery and logistics apps, including package tracking or fleet management systems, typically require accuracy within tens to hundreds of meters. This level of accuracy enables efficient route planning, real-time tracking of shipments or vehicles, and effective management of logistics operations. However, in some cases, the required accuracy is typically within a few meters.
  18. Field Data Collection and Surveys (tens to hundreds of meters accuracy): Field data collection apps used for surveys, research, or asset management purposes generally require accuracy within tens to hundreds of meters. This level of accuracy allows for effective mapping and data collection, providing valuable insights for various industries and research projects. However, in some cases, the required accuracy is typically within a few meters.
  19. Location-Based Attendance and Access Control (tens to hundreds of meters accuracy): Applications used for attendance tracking, access control systems, or workforce management often require accuracy within tens to hundreds of meters. This level of accuracy allows for efficient monitoring of personnel and assets within designated areas.
  20. IoT (Internet of Things) and Asset Tracking (tens to hundreds of meters accuracy): IoT applications and asset tracking systems that monitor the location of objects or assets typically require accuracy within tens to hundreds of meters. This level of accuracy is sufficient for general tracking and management of assets across various industries. However, in some cases, the required accuracy is typically within a few meters.

Conclusion

It’s important to note that these accuracy ranges are general guidelines and can vary depending on specific application requirements and user expectations. Additionally, advancements in technology, such as the availability of higher-quality GNSS receivers or the integration of sensor fusion techniques, may further improve location accuracy in various applications.

Developers should consider the specific needs of their applications and strike a balance between the required accuracy and the available resources and technologies. It’s also important to inform users about the expected accuracy level and manage their expectations to ensure a satisfactory user experience.

Advancements in technology and the ongoing development of positioning techniques are expected to further improve location accuracy across various applications, allowing for more precise and tailored experiences in the future.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Understanding Location Accuracy Requirements in Various Applications. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6530 (Accessed: 6 July 2023).
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Understanding Location Accuracy in Consumer Smartphones

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Introduction

Consumer smartphones have become integral to our daily lives, offering a wide range of features and functionalities, including location-based services. The accuracy of location information provided by smartphones is crucial for navigation, mapping, and various location-dependent applications. In this article, we explore the general capabilities of consumer smartphones in achieving location accuracy and the factors that influence it.

GPS Technology and Accuracy

Global Positioning System (GPS) is a widely used positioning technology in smartphones. With high-quality GPS receivers, smartphones can achieve location accuracy within a few meters under ideal conditions. GPS relies on signals from satellites orbiting the Earth to determine precise location coordinates.

GNSS Capabilities

Many modern smartphones support multiple Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), including GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou. GNSS-capable smartphones have the advantage of accessing signals from multiple satellite constellations, enhancing location accuracy. By leveraging a combination of satellite signals, smartphones can achieve improved accuracy and reliability, particularly in challenging environments.

Assisted Positioning Techniques

Smartphones often employ assisted positioning techniques such as Assisted GPS (A-GPS) or Assisted GLONASS (A-GLONASS). These techniques leverage cellular networks or Wi-Fi data to assist in determining the user’s location. By utilizing additional data sources, smartphones can enhance positioning speed and accuracy, especially in urban environments or when GPS signals are weak or obstructed.

Sensor Fusion for Improved Accuracy

Sensor fusion technologies play a crucial role in enhancing location accuracy. By integrating GPS data with information from other sensors like accelerometers, gyroscopes, or magnetometers, smartphones can improve accuracy and stability. Sensor fusion allows smartphones to compensate for temporary signal loss, obstructions, or other limitations, resulting in more reliable location information.

Network-Based Positioning

In addition to satellite-based positioning, smartphones can utilize network-based methods such as Wi-Fi positioning or cell tower triangulation. When GPS signals are weak or unavailable, these techniques estimate the user’s location based on Wi-Fi network information or signals from nearby cell towers. While network-based positioning provides coarser accuracy within tens to hundreds of meters, it serves as a valuable backup when satellite signals are limited.

Factors Affecting Location Accuracy

Location accuracy in smartphones can vary due to various external factors. The availability of satellite signals, environmental conditions, signal interference, and the specific hardware and software capabilities of the smartphone all influence accuracy. Additionally, smartphone manufacturers may employ proprietary technologies or algorithms to optimize location accuracy in their devices, resulting in varying performance across different models.

Determining Location Accuracy

To determine the precise location accuracy of a particular smartphone model, it is best to refer to the specifications provided by the manufacturer. However, independent tests and reviews that evaluate the device’s performance in real-world scenarios can provide valuable insights. These tests assess factors such as accuracy under different conditions, signal acquisition time, and performance in challenging environments.

Conclusion

Consumer smartphones on the market today offer varying levels of location accuracy, ranging from a few meters to sub-meter accuracy under optimal conditions. By leveraging GPS, GNSS capabilities, assisted positioning, sensor fusion, and network-based methods, smartphones strive to provide accurate location information. However, it’s important to consider external factors and individual device capabilities that can impact accuracy. Regular advancements in smartphone technology continue to enhance location accuracy, contributing to improved user experiences and the growth of location-based applications in our daily lives.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Understanding Location Accuracy in Consumer Smartphones. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6527 (Accessed: 6 July 2023).
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Understanding Location Inaccuracy in Mapping Applications

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Shown GPS Location on the System
User’s Real Position on Site

Introduction

Location accuracy plays a crucial role in mapping applications, allowing users to navigate, find points of interest, and track their movements. However, it’s important to acknowledge that location inaccuracy can sometimes occur, leading to discrepancies between the displayed location and the user’s actual position. In this article, we explore the various factors that contribute to location inaccuracy and discuss strategies to mitigate its impact on mapping applications.

GPS Accuracy

GPS (Global Positioning System) relies on satellite signals to determine precise location coordinates. However, several factors can affect the accuracy of GPS signals. Device limitations, such as lower-quality GPS receivers, can result in less accurate location readings. Environmental conditions, like dense urban areas or deep indoor environments, can weaken GPS signals or introduce multipath interference, leading to inaccuracies. Additionally, the number and positioning of visible satellites at any given time can impact the accuracy of GPS readings.

Geolocation Errors

Mapping applications often rely on geolocation APIs to retrieve the user’s position. However, these APIs can introduce errors or inaccuracies in the reported location. The accuracy value provided by geolocation APIs may not always reflect the true error in the location estimation. Factors such as signal noise, limited sensor data, or the interpolation of location data can contribute to discrepancies between the reported location and the user’s actual position.

Network and Signal Interference

In scenarios where GPS signals are weak or unavailable, mapping applications may fall back on network-based positioning methods like Wi-Fi or cell tower triangulation. However, network connectivity issues or signal interference can affect the accuracy of these methods. Unreliable or spotty Wi-Fi networks, for example, may introduce inaccuracies in determining the user’s location. Similarly, obstacles or environmental conditions can interfere with the strength and quality of cellular signals, impacting the accuracy of cell tower triangulation.

User Permissions

To access precise location information, users need to grant location permissions to mapping applications. If users do not grant precise location permissions or disable location services on their devices, geolocation APIs may resort to less accurate positioning methods. This fallback mechanism, while providing approximate location data, can introduce additional inaccuracies compared to when precise location permissions are granted.

Device or Browser Limitations

Location accuracy can also be influenced by the device or browser being used. Different devices and browsers may have varying levels of geolocation capabilities and support for high-precision GPS. Older devices or browsers may lack advanced positioning technologies or have less accurate GPS receivers, leading to decreased location accuracy. It’s important for developers to consider these limitations when building mapping applications.

Mitigating Location Inaccuracy

While achieving perfect location accuracy in all scenarios is challenging, there are strategies developers can employ to improve the accuracy of displayed location in mapping applications:

  • Encouraging users to be in open areas: Advise users to be in open spaces with a clear view of the sky whenever possible. This can enhance GPS signal strength and reduce obstructions that may lead to inaccuracies.
  • Informing users about limitations: Set appropriate user expectations by providing information about the potential factors that can affect location accuracy. Educating users about the variability of accuracy readings can help manage their expectations.
  • Implementing error handling: Develop robust error handling mechanisms to handle cases where location accuracy is low or undetermined. Inform users when the accuracy falls below a certain threshold and provide appropriate feedback to avoid misleading information.
  • Considering additional positioning methods or APIs: Explore alternative positioning methods or APIs that can complement GPS data. Combining GPS with Wi-Fi or cellular network information can improve accuracy in urban areas or when GPS signals are weak.
  • Regularly updating applications and libraries: Stay up-to-date with updates and bug fixes related to geolocation functionality. Regularly check for new releases of libraries or APIs used in the mapping application to benefit from improvements that can enhance location accuracy.

Conclusion

Location inaccuracy in mapping applications can occur due to various factors, including GPS limitations, geolocation errors, network and signal interference, user permissions, and device/browser limitations. While efforts can be made to improve location accuracy, achieving pinpoint accuracy in all scenarios may not always be possible due to external factors and limitations.

By understanding the factors that contribute to location inaccuracy and implementing strategies to mitigate its impact, developers can enhance the user experience and provide more reliable location information. It is essential to manage user expectations, provide accurate error handling, and explore alternative positioning methods or APIs when necessary.

As technology continues to advance and new positioning techniques emerge, ongoing research and development efforts aim to improve location accuracy in mapping applications. By staying informed and adapting to advancements in geolocation technology, developers can strive for increasingly accurate and reliable location data in their applications.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Understanding Location Inaccuracy in Mapping Applications. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6523 (Accessed: 6 July 2023).
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Factors that can Contribute to Human Death

There are numerous factors that can contribute to human death. These factors can be categorized into various domains, including medical, environmental, behavioral, socioeconomic, and accidental causes. Here are some common factors associated with human death:

  1. Disease and Illness: Various diseases and medical conditions can lead to death, such as cardiovascular diseases (heart attacks, strokes), cancer, respiratory diseases, infectious diseases (pneumonia, HIV/AIDS), diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease), and many others.
  2. Accidents and Injuries: Unintentional injuries, including road accidents, falls, drowning, poisoning, burns, and occupational accidents, are major causes of death worldwide. Additionally, intentional injuries such as suicides and homicides contribute to mortality rates.
  3. Lifestyle and Behavioral Factors: Certain behaviors and lifestyle choices can increase the risk of death. These include tobacco smoking, alcohol and drug abuse, poor nutrition and diet, lack of physical activity, and risky sexual behavior leading to the transmission of sexually transmitted infections.
  4. Socioeconomic Factors: Socioeconomic conditions can influence mortality rates. Factors such as poverty, limited access to healthcare services, inadequate nutrition, and environmental hazards in low-income areas can contribute to higher mortality rates.
  5. Environmental Factors: Environmental conditions can have a significant impact on human health and mortality. These include exposure to air pollution, water contamination, extreme weather events (heatwaves, hurricanes, floods), natural disasters, and exposure to toxic substances.
  6. Genetic and Hereditary Factors: Some individuals may be predisposed to certain genetic or hereditary conditions that increase their susceptibility to diseases or health complications, which can ultimately lead to death.
  7. Age and Aging: Advancing age is a significant risk factor for mortality. The likelihood of death generally increases with age due to the natural aging process and the accumulation of age-related diseases and health conditions.
  8. Access to Healthcare: Limited access to healthcare services, including preventive care, diagnostics, and treatment, can result in delayed or inadequate medical interventions, leading to increased mortality rates.
  9. Occupational Hazards: Certain occupations carry higher risks of mortality due to occupational hazards and exposures, such as industrial accidents, exposure to harmful substances, or work-related stress.
  10. Social and Environmental Determinants: Social factors, such as education, social support, community cohesion, and access to clean water and sanitation, can impact mortality rates. Additionally, factors like war, conflict, and displacement can contribute to increased mortality rates in affected populations.

It is important to note that the prevalence and significance of these factors may vary across regions and populations. Understanding and addressing these factors play a crucial role in public health initiatives, healthcare planning, and mortality risk reduction strategies.

In the context of Malaysia, a diverse and rapidly developing country, various factors influence the mortality patterns and health outcomes of its population. By examining these factors, policymakers, healthcare professionals, and researchers can identify priority areas for intervention and develop targeted strategies to reduce mortality rates and improve overall population health.

The factors influencing human death in Malaysia are multifaceted and can be categorized into several broad areas. These factors include non-communicable diseases (NCDs), communicable diseases, accidents and injuries, maternal and child health, and age-related factors. Each of these categories plays a significant role in shaping mortality patterns and reflects the unique health challenges faced by the Malaysian population.

Non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases, are major contributors to mortality in Malaysia. Lifestyle factors, including unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption, contribute to the prevalence of these diseases. Additionally, communicable diseases, such as respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis, continue to pose a significant health burden in certain regions and populations.

Accidents and injuries, ranging from road traffic accidents to workplace incidents and violence, contribute to a substantial number of deaths in Malaysia. Addressing these preventable causes of death requires targeted interventions in areas such as road safety, occupational health and safety, and violence prevention.

Maternal and child health is another critical area influencing mortality rates in Malaysia. Improving access to quality healthcare during pregnancy and childbirth, addressing malnutrition, and enhancing maternal and child healthcare services are essential for reducing maternal and neonatal mortality rates and improving overall health outcomes for mothers and children.

Finally, age-related factors, including degenerative diseases, frailty, and age-related physiological changes, contribute to mortality rates, particularly among the elderly population. As Malaysia’s population ages, understanding and addressing the unique health needs of older adults becomes increasingly important.

To gain a comprehensive understanding of the factors contributing to human death in Malaysia, it is crucial to examine available data, conduct research studies, and collaborate across sectors. By doing so, policymakers and healthcare professionals can develop evidence-based strategies and interventions to reduce mortality rates, improve health outcomes, and enhance the overall well-being of the Malaysian population.

References

  1. World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). The top 10 causes of death. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2021). Leading causes of death. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/leading-causes-of-death.htm
  3. GBD 2019 Causes of Death Collaborators. (2020). Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet, 396(10258), 1204-1222.
  4. Lopez, A. D., Mathers, C. D., Ezzati, M., Jamison, D. T., & Murray, C. J. (Eds.). (2006). Global burden of disease and risk factors. World Bank Publications.
  5. Murray, C. J., Lopez, A. D., & Jamison, D. T. (Eds.). (1996). The global burden of disease: A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020 (Vol. 1). Harvard University Press.
  6. Naghavi, M., Makela, S., Foreman, K., O’Brien, J., Pourmalek, F., Lozano, R., … & Ezzati, M. (2010). Algorithms for enhancing public health utility of national causes-of-death data. Population health metrics, 8(1), 9.
Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Factors that can Contribute to Human Death. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6519 (Accessed: 26 June 2023).
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Special Instructions for Geospatialist Exam Candidates

  1. Precision in Responses: Your expertise lies in GIS, not creative writing. Provide direct, concise answers without unnecessary elaboration.
  2. Preparation is Key: If you’ve missed classes and haven’t adequately prepared, use your time wisely. Avoid futile attempts and distractions—instead, consider a moment of focused reflection.
  3. Focus on Your Strengths: Your training equips you to excel in GIS. Trust your knowledge and skills. In moments of uncertainty, maintain your composure and recall what you’ve learned.
  4. Maintain Professional Demeanor: While it’s natural to interact with others, remember that the exam environment demands your full attention. Minimize unnecessary interactions, as the exam hall isn’t conducive to networking.
  5. Stay Confident: The number of answer sheets a peer uses doesn’t reflect your performance. Stay confident in your abilities, regardless of external factors or comparisons.
  6. Answer All Questions: This exam mandates answering all questions. Embrace the challenge and respond thoughtfully to each item. While life offers choices, this exam seeks your comprehensive understanding.

By adhering to these instructions, you will optimise your performance in the GIS exam. Remember, your mastery lies in Geoinformatics, and your success is within your control.