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Advancing GIS Software for Environmental Conservation and Natural Resource Management

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Abstract

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have become indispensable tools for government agencies engaged in environmental conservation and natural resource management. This paper delves into three critical aspects of GIS software development that play a pivotal role in these contexts. Firstly, it discusses the significance of the “Build Once, Deploy Anywhere” approach, emphasizing its relevance to government agencies striving for efficient GIS software development. Secondly, it provides a comprehensive comparison between server-based GIS solutions and mobile GIS applications, highlighting their suitability for specific tasks related to environmental conservation and natural resource management. Lastly, it explores the design of GIS solutions with a three-tier architecture and cloud-based GIS, elucidating their advantages in enabling efficient data sharing, scalability, security, seamless integration, and mobile GIS capabilities for field data collection and analysis.

1. Introduction

Government agencies responsible for environmental conservation and natural resource management rely heavily on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to gather, analyze, and disseminate critical spatial data. The development and deployment of GIS software in such contexts must address unique challenges and requirements. This paper examines three pivotal aspects of GIS software development that have a profound impact on the effectiveness of environmental conservation and natural resource management initiatives.

2. Significance of “Build Once, Deploy Anywhere” in GIS Software Development

The concept of “Build Once, Deploy Anywhere” holds immense significance for government agencies involved in environmental conservation and natural resource management. It emphasizes the development of GIS software that can be efficiently deployed across various platforms and devices while maintaining consistent functionality and data integrity. This approach offers several advantages:

  • Cost Efficiency: By developing a single GIS software solution that can be deployed on multiple platforms, government agencies can significantly reduce development and maintenance costs (ESRI, 2021).
  • Data Consistency: Ensuring data consistency across different platforms is crucial for decision-making in environmental conservation and natural resource management (Wang et al., 2015).
  • Enhanced Mobility: “Build Once, Deploy Anywhere” enables field personnel to access GIS data and tools on a range of devices, enhancing their mobility and effectiveness (Blower, 2011).

3. Comparison of Server-based GIS Solutions and Mobile GIS Applications

When deciding between server-based GIS solutions and mobile GIS applications, government agencies need to consider the suitability of each option for specific tasks related to environmental conservation and natural resource management.

3.1 Server-based GIS Solutions

Server-based GIS solutions excel in data management, scalability, and security. They are well-suited for:

  • Centralized Data Management: Storing spatial data on servers ensures data consistency and accessibility for multiple users (Longley et al., 2015).
  • Scalability: Server-based systems can accommodate growing datasets and user bases (Nyerges & Jankowski, 2017).
  • Security: Robust security measures can be implemented to protect sensitive environmental and resource data (Goodchild & Janelle, 2004).

3.2 Mobile GIS Applications

Mobile GIS applications are designed for field data collection, offering advantages such as:

  • Field Data Collection Capabilities: Mobile GIS applications enable real-time data gathering and analysis in the field, which is essential for environmental monitoring and resource management (Yuan & Zhang, 2011).
  • Data Sharing: Field data can be collected and shared instantly, facilitating collaboration among field teams and decision-makers (O’Sullivan & Unwin, 2010).
  • Scalability: Mobile GIS applications are highly scalable, making them suitable for projects with varying fieldwork requirements (O’Sullivan & Unwin, 2010).
  • Security: Security measures must be implemented to protect sensitive data when using mobile GIS applications (Goodchild & Janelle, 2004).

4. Designing a Solution with Three-Tier Architecture and Cloud-based GIS

Designing GIS solutions with a three-tier architecture and leveraging cloud-based GIS offers government agencies several advantages in environmental conservation and natural resource management activities.

4.1 Three-Tier Architecture

  • Efficient Data Sharing: The three-tier architecture separates data management, application logic, and user interfaces, enabling efficient data sharing and reducing bottlenecks (Nyerges & Jankowski, 2017).
  • Scalability: The modular design of the three-tier architecture allows agencies to scale specific components as needed, ensuring optimal performance (Longley et al., 2015).
  • Security: Enhanced security measures can be implemented at each tier to protect sensitive environmental and resource data (Goodchild & Janelle, 2004).

4.2 Cloud-based GIS

  • Seamless Integration: Cloud-based GIS solutions facilitate the seamless integration of data from various sources, providing a comprehensive view of environmental and resource data (Goodchild & Janelle, 2004).
  • Mobile GIS Capabilities: Cloud-based GIS can be accessed from a range of devices, enabling field personnel to collect and analyze data in real-time (Yuan & Zhang, 2011).
  • Field Data Collection and Analysis: The cloud infrastructure supports the collection and analysis of field data, streamlining environmental conservation and natural resource management activities (O’Sullivan & Unwin, 2010).

5. Conclusion

Efficient GIS software development is crucial for government agencies involved in environmental conservation and natural resource management. The “Build Once, Deploy Anywhere” approach ensures cost-effective and mobile GIS solutions that maintain data consistency. Choosing between server-based GIS solutions and mobile GIS applications should be based on the specific requirements of each project. Lastly, leveraging a three-tier architecture and cloud-based GIS enhances data sharing, scalability, security, and mobile GIS capabilities, ultimately contributing to the success of environmental conservation and natural resource management initiatives.

In conclusion, government agencies must carefully consider these aspects of GIS software development to maximize the impact of their environmental conservation and natural resource management efforts. The appropriate choice of technology and development approach can greatly enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of GIS applications in these critical domains.

References

  • Blower, J. D. (2011). Challenges in creating a single software environment for climate change research. Environmental Modelling & Software, 26(7), 822-827.
  • ESRI. (2021). Building Cross-Platform Apps with ArcGIS Runtime SDKs. Retrieved from https://developers.arcgis.com/documentation/guide/build-cross-platform-apps/
  • Goodchild, M. F., & Janelle, D. G. (Eds.). (2004). Spatially Integrated Social Science. Oxford University Press.
  • Longley, P. A., Goodchild, M. F., Maguire, D. J., & Rhind, D. W. (2015). Geographic Information Systems and Science. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Nyerges, T. L., & Jankowski, P. (2017). Geographic Information Systems for Group Decision Making: Towards a Participatory, Geographic Information Science. CRC Press.
  • O’Sullivan, D., & Unwin, D. (2010). Geographic Information Analysis. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Wang, S., Yang, X., Tan, J., & Tang, X. (2015). A cross-platform GIS service for location-based social applications. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 54, 251-261.
  • Yuan, M., & Zhang, X. (2011). Advances in Geographic Information Systems. Springer.
Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Advancing GIS Software for Environmental Conservation and Natural Resource Management. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6873 (Accessed: 2 September 2023).
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The Evolution, Development, and Future of GIS Software

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Introduction

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have undergone a remarkable transformation since their inception, playing a pivotal role in shaping the geospatial technology landscape. As GIS technology continues to advance, it not only revolutionizes how we interact with our environment but also contributes significantly to environmental conservation and natural resource management. In this article, we explore the milestones, advancements, and current state of GIS software, along with its development, emerging trends, vendor contributions, system architectures, and the role of open-source solutions in GIS applications.

Evolution of GIS Software

Milestones and Advancements

The journey of GIS software can be traced back to the 1960s when early computer systems first began to incorporate geographical data. Over the decades, significant milestones have marked the evolution of GIS software. In the 1980s, the advent of desktop GIS brought geospatial technology to a wider audience, enabling individuals and organizations to harness the power of spatial data. The 1990s witnessed the rise of client-server architectures, allowing for centralized data management and improved collaboration. In the 21st century, cloud-based and mobile GIS applications have become game-changers, providing real-time data access and on-the-go capabilities.

Shaping the Current Landscape

Today, GIS software forms the backbone of numerous industries, from urban planning and agriculture to disaster management and environmental conservation. It has become an indispensable tool for spatial analysis, predictive modeling, and real-time decision-making. The integration of artificial intelligence has further enhanced GIS capabilities, enabling automated data processing and advanced analytics.

Developing GIS Software

Fundamental Concepts and Approaches

Developing GIS software requires a deep understanding of fundamental geospatial concepts such as coordinate systems, projections, and spatial data types. Various approaches can be employed, ranging from traditional desktop applications to web-based solutions and mobile apps. GIS programmers leverage programming languages like Python, Java, and C++, as well as scripting languages like JavaScript for web-based applications.

Development Methodologies

Agile and iterative development methodologies have gained popularity in GIS software development. These methodologies promote flexibility and collaboration, allowing developers to adapt to evolving project requirements. Continuous integration and testing ensure the reliability and robustness of GIS applications.

Emerging Trends in GIS Software Systems

Integration and Artificial Intelligence

One of the most significant trends in GIS software is the seamless integration with other technologies and data sources. GIS systems now incorporate data from IoT devices, satellites, and social media, providing a comprehensive view of the environment. Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms facilitate data analysis, pattern recognition, and predictive modeling, making GIS even more powerful.

Impact and Interaction Methods

The impact of GIS software extends beyond specialized departments; it affects decision-making at all levels of government and industry. GIS user interfaces have evolved to be more intuitive, enabling a broader range of stakeholders to interact with spatial data. This democratization of GIS empowers users to make informed decisions related to environmental conservation and resource management.

Data Visualization and Spatial Analysis

Advanced data visualization techniques, such as 3D mapping and immersive VR experiences, make complex spatial data accessible and understandable. Spatial analysis capabilities have also expanded, allowing for more sophisticated modeling, optimization, and scenario analysis, vital for environmental conservation strategies.

Real-time Decision-Making

Real-time GIS capabilities have become crucial for emergency response, logistics, and asset tracking. The ability to make decisions based on up-to-the-minute data ensures the efficient allocation of resources and supports environmental conservation efforts during critical events.

Role of GIS Software Vendors

GIS software vendors play a pivotal role in driving innovation and shaping the GIS industry. Their contributions include developing cutting-edge features, addressing the unique needs of government agencies, and supporting initiatives related to environmental conservation and natural resource management. These vendors constantly adapt to evolving demands, ensuring that GIS software remains relevant and effective.

Collaboration between GIS Software Vendors, Managers, and Stakeholders

Collaboration between GIS software vendors, managers, and stakeholders is essential for fostering innovation. Knowledge sharing leads to the development of new features and functionalities that address the specific needs of environmental conservation and natural resource management. This collaboration ensures that GIS software continues to evolve in response to real-world challenges.

Strategies and Approaches of GIS Software Vendors

To stay competitive in a dynamic market, GIS software vendors employ strategies that align with evolving demands, particularly from government agencies. They focus on scalability, performance, and security while offering solutions that facilitate data sharing, analysis, and field data collection. This approach ensures that GIS software remains a valuable asset for environmental conservation and natural resource management activities.

Comparison of Computer System Architecture Configurations

GIS software is available in various system architecture configurations, each with its advantages and limitations. These configurations include desktop GIS, client-server architectures, cloud-based solutions, and mobile applications. The choice of architecture depends on the specific needs and operations of the GIS department.

Impact of System Architecture on GIS Software Systems

The selected system architecture profoundly influences GIS software functionality and user experience. Desktop GIS offers robust capabilities but limited mobility, while cloud-based solutions provide scalability and real-time access. The GIS department’s operational requirements dictate the choice of architecture, balancing functionality, data accessibility, and security.

Benefits and Limitations of Architecture Configurations

Desktop GIS excels in performance and data management but lacks mobility. Client-server architectures provide central data management but may require substantial infrastructure investment. Cloud-based solutions offer scalability and real-time access but may raise concerns about data security. Mobile GIS applications excel in field data collection but may require network connectivity for full functionality. Understanding these benefits and limitations helps organizations choose the right architecture for their environmental conservation and natural resource management needs.

Benefits and Limitations of FOSS in GIS Applications

The adoption of Free and Open-Source Software (FOSS) in GIS applications offers several advantages, particularly for government agencies involved in environmental conservation and natural resource management. FOSS solutions provide cost-effective alternatives, encourage interoperability, and allow for extensive customization and collaboration. However, challenges related to adoption, implementation, training, support, data migration, and integration with existing GIS infrastructure should be carefully considered.

Open Data and Open Standards in GIS Software Systems

Open data and open standards are essential components of modern GIS software systems. They enable the seamless exchange of spatial data and foster collaboration among various stakeholders. Embracing open data and open standards aligns with government agencies’ goals related to environmental conservation and natural resource management, ensuring data accessibility and compatibility across platforms.

Significance of “Build Once, Deploy Anywhere” in GIS Software Development

The concept of “Build Once, Deploy Anywhere” is crucial in GIS software development, particularly for government agencies engaged in environmental conservation and natural resource management. It allows for the efficient sharing of GIS data across platforms and devices, enhancing accessibility and enabling real-time decision-making.

Comparison of Server-based GIS Solutions and Mobile GIS Applications

When choosing between server-based GIS solutions and mobile GIS applications, organizations must consider their suitability for environmental conservation and natural resource management activities. Server-based solutions excel in data sharing, scalability, and security, making them ideal for centralized data management. On the other hand, mobile GIS applications offer field data collection capabilities, supporting real-time data gathering and analysis. The choice depends on the specific needs and priorities of the GIS department.

Designing a Solution with Three-Tier Architecture and Cloud-based GIS

A three-tier architecture combined with cloud-based GIS offers an efficient solution for organizations engaged in environmental conservation and natural resource management. This approach ensures seamless integration with mobile GIS applications, efficient data sharing, scalability, and security. It empowers GIS departments to streamline their field data collection processes, conduct in-depth spatial analysis, and make informed decisions to advance environmental conservation and natural resource management activities.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the evolution of GIS software has been marked by significant milestones and advancements, shaping the current geospatial technology landscape. The development of GIS software involves fundamental concepts, approaches, and methodologies that have evolved to meet the demands of diverse industries, including environmental conservation and natural resource management. Emerging trends such as integration, artificial intelligence, and real-time decision-making are revolutionizing GIS capabilities.

GIS software vendors play a pivotal role in driving innovation and collaborating with managers and stakeholders to address specific needs. Their strategies and approaches are focused on staying competitive in a dynamic market while supporting the goals of government agencies in environmental conservation and natural resource management.

The choice of system architecture, whether desktop, client-server, cloud-based, or mobile, significantly impacts GIS software functionality and user experience. Understanding the benefits and limitations of each configuration is essential for organizations to align their operations with their environmental conservation and resource management objectives.

Free and Open-Source Software (FOSS) has become a valuable option for GIS applications, offering cost-effective solutions and promoting interoperability and collaboration. However, organizations should be aware of the challenges associated with FOSS adoption and integration.

The significance of “Build Once, Deploy Anywhere” in GIS software development cannot be overstated, as it enhances data accessibility and supports real-time decision-making for government agencies involved in environmental conservation and natural resource management.

Lastly, the choice between server-based GIS solutions and mobile GIS applications should be made based on the specific needs and priorities of GIS departments. A three-tier architecture combined with cloud-based GIS provides an efficient solution that empowers organizations to efficiently manage their spatial data, analyze it comprehensively, and make informed decisions in pursuit of environmental conservation and natural resource management goals.

As GIS software continues to evolve, it will undoubtedly play an increasingly vital role in addressing the complex challenges facing our environment and resources, ultimately contributing to a more sustainable and informed world.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). The Evolution, Development, and Future of GIS Software. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6871 (Accessed: 2 September 2023).
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Predicting Property Investment Opportunities in an Emerging Urban Neighborhood

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Introduction

You are a real estate investor looking to identify promising property investment opportunities in an emerging urban neighborhood. To make informed decisions on whether to invest in land, shops, or houses, you need to predict their potential future value and assess their investment viability. This scenario explores how to predict property investment opportunities in such a dynamic urban environment.

Defining the Objective

The objective is to predict the future value and investment potential of properties in the urban neighborhood over the next five years. This includes forecasting property values and assessing the expected return on investment (ROI).

Gathering Data

Collect historical and current data, including:

  • Property sales data for the past decade, including transaction prices, property types (land, shops, houses), and their locations.
  • Economic indicators such as local job growth, population trends, and infrastructure development plans.
  • Demographic data, including age distribution and income levels.
  • Data on nearby amenities like schools, public transportation, and retail centers.

Data Preprocessing

Clean and preprocess the data, handling missing values and ensuring data consistency. Spatial data preprocessing may involve geocoding property addresses and linking them to geographic boundaries.

Feature Engineering

For predicting property investment opportunities, consider features such as:

  • Historical property price trends specific to property types.
  • Economic indicators influencing the neighborhood.
  • Spatial features like proximity to amenities or major transportation hubs.
  • Demographic shifts that might impact property demand.

Choosing a Forecasting Method

Select appropriate forecasting methods based on your objectives:

  1. Time Series Analysis: Use time series forecasting techniques to predict property price trends for different types (land, shops, houses).
  2. Regression: Implement regression models for each property type to model their price variations based on relevant features.
  3. Spatial Analysis: Incorporate spatial analysis techniques to capture location-specific factors influencing property values.

Model Training

Train forecasting models for each property type, considering the chosen forecasting methods and features. Fine-tune models to achieve accurate predictions.

Validation and Evaluation

Assess model performance using metrics like Mean Absolute Error (MAE) or Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) for property price predictions. Evaluate the ROI for investment decisions.

Making Predictions

With well-trained models, predict the future values and investment opportunities for land, shops, and houses in the emerging urban neighborhood. These predictions guide your investment decisions, helping you identify high-potential properties.

Monitoring and Refinement

Continuously monitor property market changes. Update your models and investment strategy as new data becomes available or as the neighborhood evolves.

Interpretation and Communication

Analyze the driving factors behind property value predictions and investment opportunities. Communicate findings to stakeholders to justify your investment choices and ROI expectations.

Conclusion

Predicting property investment opportunities in an emerging urban neighborhood requires a multifaceted approach that combines historical data analysis, forecasting techniques, and spatial considerations. By understanding how property values evolve over time and assessing factors influencing property demand, you can make informed investment decisions regarding land, shops, and houses. This approach ensures that your investments align with the dynamic urban environment, maximizing the potential for profitable returns in the real estate market.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Predicting Property Investment Opportunities in an Emerging Urban Neighborhood. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6869 (Accessed: 1 September 2023).
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Predicting House Demand with Spatial Considerations in a Growing Suburb

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Introduction

As a real estate developer planning to invest in a growing suburban area, you recognize that housing demand is not solely influenced by time-related factors but also by spatial considerations. To make precise predictions about where and when houses will be in demand, you need to incorporate both temporal and spatial elements into your forecasting.

Defining the Objective

The objective remains to forecast the demand for houses in the suburban area over the next five years, but now with a spatial dimension. You want to estimate the number of new homes that potential buyers are likely to purchase each year while considering the spatial distribution of demand across different neighborhoods within the suburb.

Gathering Data

In addition to the data mentioned earlier, you gather spatial data, including:

  • Geographic information system (GIS) data, which includes information on neighborhood boundaries, zoning regulations, and proximity to amenities.
  • Historical sales data at the neighborhood level, highlighting spatial variations in demand.
  • Spatial economic indicators such as the location of major employers and transportation hubs.

Data Preprocessing

Preprocessing now involves not only cleaning and formatting data but also spatial operations like spatial joins and aggregations. You’ll need to link housing demand data with spatial boundaries to segment demand by neighborhood.

Feature Engineering

For spatiotemporal forecasting, consider features such as:

  • Historical neighborhood-specific housing demand.
  • Spatial variables like distance to schools, parks, and shopping centers.
  • Temporal trends and seasonal patterns.
  • Spatial autocorrelation measures to account for neighborhood interdependencies.

Choosing a Forecasting Method

Given the spatial dimension, your choice of forecasting methods expands:

  1. Spatiotemporal Models: Methods like Spatiotemporal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (STARIMA) models can account for both spatial and temporal dependencies.
  2. Spatial Regression: Use spatial regression models like spatial autoregressive models to capture spatial relationships.
  3. Geospatial Machine Learning: Apply geospatial machine learning techniques, including spatially aware algorithms like k-nearest neighbors (KNN) or geospatial neural networks.

Model Training

Train your models while considering both the temporal and spatial aspects. This may involve neighborhood-specific forecasts that are aggregated to provide an overall prediction.

Validation and Evaluation

Evaluation metrics should not only consider forecasting accuracy but also spatial metrics like Moran’s I or Geary’s C to assess the spatial autocorrelation of prediction errors.

Making Predictions

With well-tuned models, predict annual demand for houses in the suburban area while accounting for spatial variations. These predictions provide insights into which neighborhoods are likely to experience increased demand.

Monitoring and Refinement

Continuously monitor demand changes across neighborhoods. Adjust your models as new data becomes available and as the spatial dynamics evolve.

Interpretation and Communication

Analyze the spatial and temporal factors driving house demand within different neighborhoods. Communicate these insights to stakeholders for informed decisions regarding where to invest in new housing developments.

Incorporating spatial elements in your forecasting not only helps you predict overall demand but also allows you to make location-specific decisions, ensuring that your investments are strategically aligned with the spatial dynamics of the growing suburban area.

Interpreting the Results

Understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics of house demand is crucial for your real estate development plans. Here’s how you can interpret and leverage the results:

  • Spatial Clusters: Examine the results for spatial clusters of high demand. Identify neighborhoods where demand is projected to be significantly higher than others. These clusters can guide your investment decisions, directing resources towards areas with strong demand.
  • Spatial Autocorrelation: Assess the spatial autocorrelation of prediction errors. If you find spatial patterns in the errors, it indicates that your model might not be capturing all relevant spatial factors. This insight helps refine your models.
  • Temporal Trends: Analyze the temporal trends in demand within specific neighborhoods. Are certain areas experiencing increasing demand over time? These insights can inform your construction timelines and marketing strategies.
  • Spatial Factors: Investigate which spatial factors contribute most to high demand areas. Factors such as proximity to schools, public transportation, or job centers might play a significant role. Understanding these factors allows you to target specific amenities and services in your developments.
  • Investment Strategy: Armed with spatiotemporal insights, you can create a more targeted investment strategy. Allocate resources to develop housing projects in areas with high predicted demand, while also considering the construction timeline based on temporal trends.
  • Risk Mitigation: Recognize potential risks associated with spatially clustered demand. Overinvesting in a single area can be risky if demand unexpectedly shifts. Diversify your portfolio across neighborhoods to mitigate these risks.

Conclusion

Predicting house demand with spatial considerations in a growing suburb requires a comprehensive approach that combines temporal and spatial forecasting techniques. By incorporating spatial data, understanding neighborhood dynamics, and evaluating spatial autocorrelation, you can make more precise and informed decisions about where and when to invest in housing development projects. This holistic approach to forecasting ensures that your real estate investments are aligned with the spatial realities of a dynamic and growing suburban market, ultimately increasing the likelihood of success in your ventures.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Predicting House Demand with Spatial Considerations in a Growing Suburb. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6867 (Accessed: 1 September 2023).
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Mastering Forecasting: Techniques for Predicting Condition Fulfillment and Target Achievement

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Introduction

In today’s data-driven world, forecasting has become a cornerstone of decision-making. Whether it’s predicting the fulfillment of a specific condition or meeting a target, the ability to make accurate predictions is a critical skill. This article delves deep into the art of forecasting, focusing on conditions and targets, and explores various methodologies with real-world examples to illustrate their effectiveness.

Defining the Objective

Every successful forecasting project begins with a clearly defined objective. Consider a retail store aiming to forecast whether they will meet their monthly sales target. In this scenario, the objective is straightforward: predict whether the sales for the upcoming month will exceed a predefined target value.

Gathering Data

Accurate forecasts depend on high-quality data. To forecast sales, the retail store collects historical data that includes sales figures for past months, advertising expenditures, economic indicators (e.g., unemployment rates, consumer sentiment), and holiday schedules. This data forms the basis for their forecasting model.

Data Preprocessing

Before any analysis begins, data preprocessing is essential. The retail store’s data may have missing values, outliers, or inconsistent formats. These issues are addressed through data cleaning and transformation to ensure the data’s integrity and accuracy.

Feature Engineering

Feature engineering is the process of creating and selecting relevant features that may influence the target variable. In this example, features might include past sales trends, the impact of specific advertising campaigns, and economic conditions. These features provide valuable insights for the forecasting model.

Choosing a Forecasting Method

With data prepared, the retail store must select a forecasting method. Here are several methods they can consider:

  1. Time Series Analysis:
    • Method: Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA).
    • Example: ARIMA is used to model the historical sales data, capturing trends, seasonality, and noise.
  2. Regression:
    • Method: Linear Regression.
    • Example: Linear regression models the relationship between advertising expenditures and sales. It quantifies how changes in advertising spending affect sales.
  3. Classification:
    • Method: Logistic Regression.
    • Example: Logistic regression predicts whether sales will meet the target (yes/no) based on historical data and features.
  4. Machine Learning:
    • Method: Random Forest.
    • Example: Random forest, a powerful machine learning algorithm, considers various factors such as past sales, advertising, and economic data to predict sales target fulfillment.

Model Training

The retail store splits their data into training and validation sets. For each chosen method, they train the model using historical data and adjust model parameters for the best fit.

Validation and Evaluation

To evaluate model performance, the retail store employs relevant metrics. For ARIMA, they may use Mean Absolute Error (MAE) to measure forecasting accuracy. Logistic regression, on the other hand, is assessed using metrics like precision and recall.

Making Predictions

With well-trained models, the retail store can make forecasts for the upcoming month’s sales. These predictions serve as valuable input for decision-making and resource allocation.

Monitoring and Refinement

Forecasts are not static; they evolve with new data. The retail store continuously monitors their forecasting models, updating them with the latest sales, advertising, and economic data to maintain accuracy.

Interpretation and Communication

Understanding the factors driving forecasts is essential. By analyzing model coefficients and feature importance, the retail store gains insights into the influence of various factors on sales. They effectively communicate these findings to stakeholders, aiding informed decision-making.

Conclusion

Forecasting is a dynamic process that empowers organizations to anticipate outcomes and plan effectively. Through well-defined objectives, rigorous data preprocessing, the application of advanced modeling techniques, and effective communication, organizations can master the art of forecasting. In this article, we’ve explored various methodologies using a real-world example, showcasing how forecasting can be applied to predict condition fulfillment and target achievement in practical scenarios.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Mastering Forecasting: Techniques for Predicting Condition Fulfillment and Target Achievement. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6865 (Accessed: 1 September 2023).
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Sociodemographic Patterns of Convicted Bribe Givers and Solicitors: Unveiling Racial Disparities

Source: MACC website; Chong and Narayanan (2017)

Introduction

Corruption, a persistent challenge in many societies, corrodes trust in institutions and undermines the rule of law. A deeper understanding of the dynamics behind corruption can provide insights into the factors driving this illicit activity. This article delves into the sociodemographic characteristics of convicted bribe givers and bribe solicitors, shedding light on the racial disparities that emerge from the data.

Understanding Bribery

Bribery involves the exchange of something valuable, often money or gifts, to influence the actions or decisions of individuals in positions of power. The two main players in this illicit activity are the bribe givers, who offer or provide bribes, and the bribe solicitors, who request or accept them. The interactions between these two categories reveal intricate relationships that can expose underlying patterns and motivations.

The relationship between the two categories, “convicted bribe givers” and “convicted bribe solicitors,” is centered around the criminal activity of bribery. Bribery involves the offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting of something of value (such as money, gifts, favors) with the intention of influencing the actions or decisions of an individual in a position of authority or power, typically for personal gain.

In the context of the data provided

  1. Convicted Bribe Givers: This category refers to individuals who have been convicted of offering or giving bribes. These individuals are involved in providing something of value to others in order to influence their decisions or actions in their favor.
  2. Convicted Bribe Solicitors: This category refers to individuals who have been convicted of soliciting or receiving bribes. These individuals are involved in requesting or accepting something of value from others in exchange for using their position of authority or power to take certain actions that benefit the bribe giver.

The relationship between these two categories is complementary and interdependent:

  • Bribe Givers: These individuals are the ones initiating the bribery scheme by offering or giving bribes to bribe solicitors. They have the intent to influence decisions or actions in their favor, often seeking to gain an unfair advantage or achieve a specific outcome.
  • Bribe Solicitors: These individuals are the recipients of the bribes. They use their positions of authority, influence, or power to carry out actions or decisions that align with the interests of the bribe givers. In exchange for their actions, they receive something of value from the bribe givers.

The relationship between the two categories suggests a coordinated effort in corrupt activities. Convictions of both bribe givers and bribe solicitors indicate that authorities have identified and proven instances of bribery taking place within the given period (2010-2014). Analyzing the sociodemographic characteristics of both groups can provide insights into potential patterns, motivations, and factors that contribute to involvement in bribery.

However, it’s important to note that while the data shows the distribution of different ethnic groups among these categories, it doesn’t provide a complete understanding of the motivations or circumstances behind their involvement in bribery. Further research and analysis would be needed to explore the underlying factors that contribute to these patterns.

Observations and Analysis

Based on the data provided about the distribution of different ethnic groups (Malay, Chinese, Indian & Others) among convicted bribe givers and convicted bribe solicitors, we can make some observations about the racial distribution within these categories. By analyzing the distribution of these groups within the two categories and the broader population, we can glean insights into potential racial disparities in bribery-related activities. Keep in mind that these observations are based solely on the data provided and do not encompass the entire context or reasons behind these patterns:

  1. Malay:
    • Among convicted bribe givers, Malays make up 12.03%, and among convicted bribe solicitors, they make up a significantly higher percentage of 82.32%.
    • The high representation of Malays among convicted bribe solicitors suggests that they are disproportionately involved in soliciting or receiving bribes compared to their proportion in the total population.
  2. Chinese:
    • Among convicted bribe givers, Chinese make up a larger portion at 57.46%, while among convicted bribe solicitors, they make up a much lower percentage of 6.05%.
    • Chinese individuals appear to be more represented among convicted bribe givers compared to bribe solicitors, indicating a possible disparity in the roles they play in bribery-related activities.
  3. Indian & Others:
    • Among convicted bribe givers, the Indian & Others group constitutes 30.51%, and among convicted bribe solicitors, they account for 11.63%.
    • The Indian & Others group is overrepresented among convicted bribe givers and underrepresented among bribe solicitors, suggesting that their involvement might differ between the two categories.
  4. General Observations:
    • There are notable differences in the racial distribution between bribe givers and bribe solicitors, indicating varying levels of involvement in bribery-related activities among different ethnic groups.
    • The high representation of Malays among convicted bribe solicitors and the higher representation of Chinese among convicted bribe givers may imply different roles played by these groups in the bribery process.

Implications and Factors

It’s important to emphasize that these observations are based on the data provided and do not provide explanations for the observed patterns. Factors such as cultural dynamics, socioeconomic conditions, historical context, enforcement practices, and other variables could contribute to the observed disparities. Drawing conclusive statements would require a more comprehensive analysis of the data and a deeper exploration of the underlying reasons for the racial distribution among convicted bribe givers and bribe solicitors.

Conclusion

The data on convicted bribe givers and solicitors provides a window into the complex world of corruption. Understanding the racial disparities among these categories can guide policymakers, law enforcement, and anti-corruption agencies in crafting targeted interventions. While the data sheds light on the distribution of ethnic groups within these categories, further research is needed to uncover the underlying reasons and dynamics that drive these patterns. Ultimately, combating corruption requires comprehensive efforts that consider the sociodemographic, economic, and cultural dimensions that contribute to these disparities.

Reference

Christine Siew-Pyng Chong, Suresh Narayanan; The Size and Costs of Bribes in Malaysia: An Analysis Based on Convicted Bribe Givers. Asian Economic Papers 2017; 16 (1): 66–84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/ASEP_a_00487

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A Glimpse into the Past: Reviewing the Early Career of Bill Gates and Its Contemporary Relevance

Source: Social Media

In the early 1970s, a young and driven individual named William H. Gates had his sights set on the rapidly evolving world of computer systems and programming. His resurfaced job application provides a fascinating snapshot of his aspirations, achievements, and experiences during that era. Known as Bill Gates, he later became the co-founder of Microsoft and a renowned philanthropist. He briefly attended Harvard University before dropping out to pursue the development of Microsoft. As we delve into this historical document, we gain insights into the foundation of a career that would ultimately reshape the technology landscape and inspire generations of innovators.

Gates’ application reveals a driven and capable individual. His academic pursuits at Harvard University, even in his freshman year, showcased a deep understanding of computer science. Enrolled in a range of courses including Operating Systems Structure, Compiler Construction, and Computer Graphics, he achieved remarkable A grades in all. This dedication to learning and mastery is a trait that has transcended time and continues to be a cornerstone of successful tech careers today.

One of the most striking aspects of Gates’ application is his familiarity with a diverse array of computer systems and programming languages. His experience with PDP-10, PDP-8, CDC 6400, and more, along with languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, and LISP, underscores his adaptability and versatility. In a world where technology ecosystems continue to evolve, the ability to learn new systems and languages remains a vital skill. Today’s developers, too, find themselves constantly learning to stay relevant in an ever-changing landscape.

Gates’ involvement in various projects, such as his work on real-time power control systems and traffic flow analysis, showcases his capacity for hands-on problem-solving. His partnership with Paul G. Allen to design a traffic flow analysis system demonstrates the power of collaboration, an aspect that’s become even more pertinent in today’s era of complex and interconnected technologies. As modern projects grow in complexity, interdisciplinary teamwork becomes key to success.

Furthermore, Gates’ entrepreneurial spirit is evident in his co-leadership of a project that generated substantial profits from scheduling software. This entrepreneurial drive, which characterized Gates’ later years as he co-founded Microsoft, highlights the enduring importance of innovation and market awareness in the technology industry.

As we compare Gates’ early career aspirations and achievements to the present era, several intriguing parallels and divergences emerge. While technological progress has been extraordinary, certain constants remain. Dedication to learning, adaptability to new technologies, and the ability to collaborate effectively are still highly valued traits. However, the scale and complexity of projects have grown immensely, as evidenced by the transformative potential of artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and biotechnology, among others.

The modern tech landscape is also characterized by a strong emphasis on ethics, diversity, and social responsibility, elements that have grown in prominence since the 1970s. Today’s tech leaders are not only expected to drive innovation but also to consider the ethical implications of their creations and work towards inclusive solutions that benefit society at large.

Bill Gates’ early career aspirations and experiences, as encapsulated in his historical job application, serve as a captivating lens through which we can reflect on the past and compare it to the present. The technology industry has come a long way, but the qualities that enabled Gates’ success—curiosity, adaptability, innovation—remain as relevant as ever. As we navigate the complexities of our modern era, we can draw inspiration from the foundations laid by pioneers like Gates and strive to shape technology for a better and more inclusive future.

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Fostering Innovation in Government GIS Applications: A Comprehensive Comparison of Methodologies


By Shahabuddin Amerudin

In recent years, the advancement of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has transformed the way government agencies operate and interact with their constituents. The integration of GIS technology has not only revolutionized data management but has also significantly impacted decision-making processes across various departments. This article explores the methods, benefits, limitations, and potential impact of GIS applications in the government sector, with a focus on fostering innovation and collaboration.

Three-Tier Architectures and Integration Approaches

GIS applications in government agencies often rely on three-tier architectures to ensure efficient data sharing, integration, and interaction. The first tier involves desktop applications that offer powerful analytical capabilities and extensive functionality. These applications are designed to support in-depth analysis and modeling, making them essential for complex decision-making processes. The second tier encompasses mobile applications, which provide field agents with real-time access to data, enhancing their ability to make informed decisions while on the move. Finally, the third tier comprises cloud-based solutions, enabling remote access, collaboration, and scalability.

Fostering Collaboration through Free and Open Source Software for GIS

One of the key methods for fostering collaboration and innovation in government GIS applications is through the use of Free and Open Source Software for GIS (FOSS4G). Open source GIS software, such as QGIS and GRASS GIS, provides agencies with the flexibility to customize applications to meet specific needs, ultimately promoting agency-specific functionalities and integration with existing systems. This customization not only enhances performance but also facilitates interoperability with other tools used by different departments, leading to a more cohesive technological landscape.

Customization and Sharing for Agency-Specific Capabilities

The integration of GIS technology in government agencies brings about several noteworthy benefits. Customization options enable agencies to tailor GIS applications according to their specific operational requirements, resulting in more effective decision-making processes. Moreover, GIS applications facilitate data sharing among stakeholders, enabling a holistic view of information critical for effective analysis and collaborative efforts. The potential impact on agency performance and operations is substantial, as these applications streamline processes, enhance data accuracy, and improve communication between departments.

Overcoming Limitations and Adapting to Advancements

Despite its many advantages, GIS technology in government applications does have limitations. Challenges such as security concerns, training requirements, and software adoption can hinder the seamless integration of GIS tools. However, agencies can overcome these limitations through strategic planning and comprehensive training programs. Additionally, as advancements continue to be made in GIS technology, newer functionalities, and solutions are emerging, addressing existing limitations and catering to the evolving needs of government agencies.

Comparing Architectures and Methodologies

The choice between desktop, mobile, web, and cloud-based GIS applications depends on agency needs, the complexity of tasks, and the extent of collaboration required. Desktop applications offer powerful analysis tools, ideal for departments that demand in-depth modeling. Mobile applications suit field agents who require real-time access to data for decision-making. Web and cloud-based solutions foster collaboration by allowing multiple stakeholders to access and interact with data regardless of their location. Comparing these architectures and methodologies helps agencies choose the most suitable approach for their requirements.

Innovation, Collaboration, and Decision-Making

The adoption of GIS applications in government agencies transforms decision-making processes by providing a comprehensive, real-time view of data. The collaborative nature of these tools facilitates communication between departments, leading to more informed and holistic decisions. The visualization capabilities offered by GIS software enable agencies to analyze complex data sets and identify trends, contributing to more effective environmental conservation and resource management.

Looking Ahead: Trends and Potential Impact

As technology continues to evolve, the impact of GIS applications on government agencies is poised to increase. The incorporation of real-time data analysis, predictive modeling, and cloud-based solutions will revolutionize how agencies operate, interact, and make decisions. The potential for innovation lies not only in the development of new functionalities but also in the integration of GIS technology with emerging fields such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and big data analytics.

Conclusion

The integration of GIS technology in government agencies has brought about transformative changes in how data is managed, shared, and analyzed. By adopting various methodologies and architectures, agencies can tailor GIS applications to their specific needs, fostering collaboration, innovation, and informed decision-making. Despite limitations, the benefits of GIS applications in government far outweigh the challenges, paving the way for a more efficient, interconnected, and data-driven future. As technology continues to advance, government agencies must remain adaptable and open to new trends to fully leverage the potential of GIS applications and contribute to the betterment of society as a whole.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Fostering Innovation in Government GIS Applications: A Comprehensive Comparison of Methodologies. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6846 (Accessed: 31 August 2023).


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Train PhD Students to Be Thinkers, Not Just Specialists

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Introduction

The pursuit of a doctoral degree has long been associated with the idea of becoming an expert in a specific field of study. While specialization is undoubtedly crucial for advancing knowledge and innovation, there is a growing concern that many doctoral programs prioritize producing narrow specialists rather than fostering critical thinkers. Gundula Bosch argues that it’s time for a shift in the approach to training PhD students – a shift that emphasizes cultivating holistic thinking and the ability to apply knowledge across disciplines. This article delves into the importance of training PhD students to be thinkers, not just specialists, and explores the ways in which doctoral curricula can be reimagined to achieve this goal.

The Predicament of Narrow Specialization

In today’s rapidly evolving world, the challenges we face are often complex and interconnected, spanning multiple fields of study. Yet, the traditional structure of many PhD programs encourages students to dive deeply into a single area of research. While this depth of knowledge is essential, it can inadvertently lead to tunnel vision – a focus so narrow that it becomes difficult to recognize the broader implications and potential applications of one’s work.

The Need for Critical Thinkers

Critical thinking is a fundamental skill that transcends disciplinary boundaries. It involves the ability to analyze, synthesize, and evaluate information objectively, enabling individuals to make informed decisions and solve problems effectively. A PhD program that prioritizes critical thinking equips students with the tools to approach complex issues from multiple angles, consider alternative perspectives, and draw connections between seemingly disparate ideas. These skills are not only valuable in academia but also in various professional settings, where the ability to adapt and think critically is highly sought after.

Interdisciplinary Collaboration and Innovation

The challenges of the modern world often require interdisciplinary collaboration to develop comprehensive solutions. Without a foundation in critical thinking and the capacity to communicate across disciplines, experts may struggle to collaborate effectively. By training PhD students to think beyond their immediate research focus, universities can foster an environment where innovation thrives. Graduates with a broader perspective are better equipped to bridge gaps between disciplines, facilitating the exchange of ideas and the emergence of innovative solutions.

Rethinking Doctoral Curricula

To transform PhD students into thinkers rather than just specialists, universities need to reconsider the structure and content of their doctoral programs. Here are a few strategies to consider:

  1. Interdisciplinary Seminars: Introduce seminars or workshops that encourage students from diverse fields to interact, share insights, and explore collaborative opportunities.
  2. Research Ethics and Societal Impact: Include coursework that prompts students to consider the ethical implications of their research and how it can positively influence society.
  3. Communication Training: Provide training in effective communication, enabling students to convey complex ideas to both specialized and non-specialized audiences.
  4. Project-Based Learning: Incorporate projects that require students to tackle real-world problems, encouraging them to apply their expertise in practical ways.
  5. Mentorship and Guidance: Assign mentors who can guide students not only in their research but also in broadening their intellectual horizons.

Conclusion

The role of a PhD program extends beyond creating experts in a specific field – it should aim to produce well-rounded thinkers who can tackle complex challenges with insight and creativity. While specialization remains vital, the emphasis on critical thinking and interdisciplinary collaboration can transform doctoral graduates into catalysts for positive change in academia and society. By reimagining doctoral curricula and fostering an environment that values holistic thinking, universities can pave the way for a new generation of scholars who are not just specialists but also visionary thinkers.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Train PhD Students to Be Thinkers, Not Just Specialists. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6848 (Accessed: 31 August 2023).
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Harnessing the Power of GIS and Geospatial Data: Architecture, Applications, and Advancements


By Shahabuddin Amerudin

In today’s rapidly evolving technological landscape, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have emerged as indispensable tools that bridge the gap between geography and data. These systems enable us to visualize, analyze, and interpret spatial information, revolutionizing decision-making processes across various industries. The marriage of GIS with geospatial data has given rise to novel methodologies, applications, and solutions that have the potential to reshape the way we interact with our environment, manage resources, and predict future scenarios. In this article, we delve into the multifaceted world of GIS and geospatial data, exploring their architecture, applications, and the emerging trends that are shaping their evolution.

Architecture and Methodologies

At the core of GIS and geospatial data lies a complex architecture that facilitates the collection, storage, analysis, and dissemination of spatial information. The database architecture forms the backbone of these systems, allowing for efficient data management and retrieval. The client-server model, often leveraged over the internet, has become a prevailing approach. This architecture ensures real-time access to geospatial information, fostering seamless networking and connectivity.

The methodologies employed in GIS encompass a wide range of techniques for data analysis, modeling, and prediction. From conservation management to urban planning and beyond, GIS methodologies empower stakeholders to make informed decisions based on spatial insights. The integration of real-time data further enhances the accuracy and relevance of analyses, contributing to the sustainability of natural resources and the environment.

Applications and Emerging Functionalities

The applications of GIS and geospatial data are as diverse as the fields they influence. From environmental conservation to infrastructure development, disaster management to precision agriculture, these technologies have found their place in countless domains. For instance, GIS-powered predictive modeling aids in assessing the potential impact of climate change on natural resources, enabling governments and organizations to formulate sustainable strategies.

Emerging functionalities in GIS are redefining its scope. Mobile-based applications provide field workers with real-time access to data, enhancing data collection accuracy and timeliness. Web-based GIS solutions offer a user-friendly interface for accessing spatial information without the need for complex software installations. Cloud-based and hybrid systems are further expanding the accessibility and scalability of GIS, accommodating the growing demand for seamless data integration and collaboration.

Implementing GIS: Challenges and Benefits

Implementing GIS solutions comes with its set of challenges. Ensuring interoperability between different systems, managing vast datasets, and addressing security concerns are among the complexities faced. However, the benefits are equally compelling. GIS not only streamlines operations but also improves decision-making by presenting data in a spatial context. The customization capabilities of GIS systems cater to specific needs, enhancing their usability across different sectors.

Stakeholders and Contributions

Stakeholders across academia, government agencies, private enterprises, and non-profit organizations play pivotal roles in shaping the GIS landscape. Their contributions extend to designing robust GIS architectures, formulating methodologies, and pushing the boundaries of GIS applications. By fostering innovation, sharing standards, and promoting the use of geospatial data, stakeholders collectively drive the evolution of these technologies.

Future Trends and Conclusion

As GIS and geospatial data continue to advance, their impact on diverse fields becomes increasingly apparent. The fusion of GIS with Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) holds the potential to unlock deeper insights from spatial data, facilitating more accurate predictions and informed decision-making. The integration of GIS into the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem further amplifies its capabilities, creating a network of interconnected devices that contribute real-time data for analysis.

In conclusion, the evolution of GIS and geospatial data technologies is marked by the seamless integration of spatial information and data analysis. From architecture to applications, these technologies are instrumental in addressing real-world challenges, from environmental conservation to urban planning. With every advancement, GIS reaffirms its position as a catalyst for positive change, offering innovative solutions for a more sustainable and informed world.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Harnessing the Power of GIS and Geospatial Data: Architecture, Applications, and Advancements. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6843 (Accessed: 31 August 2023).
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Menghargai Guru: Pemahaman atas Pernyataan Al-Imam As-Syafi’i RA

Oleh Shahabuddin Amerudin

Pernyataan yang diwariskan oleh Al-Imam As-Syafi’i RA mengenai konsekuensi meremehkan guru mengandung makna mendalam yang relevan hingga hari ini. Dalam dunia moden yang terus berkembang, penting bagi kita untuk merenungi nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam pernyataan tersebut. Artikel ini akan membahas elemen-elemen penting dari pernyataan tersebut serta pesan moral yang dapat diambil darinya.

Pentingnya Guru dalam Pembentukan Ilmu dan Karakter

Dalam setiap masyarakat, guru memainkan peranan utama dalam membentuk pemahaman, pengetahuan, dan karakter generasi muda. Mereka adalah penyampai ilmu dan pengetahuan yang telah diberikan oleh para guru-guru terdahulu. Oleh karena itu, menghargai guru bukanlah sekadar tugas moral, tetapi juga suatu keharusan dalam memastikan kelanjutan dan perkembangan budaya intelektual.

Konsekuensi Meremehkan Guru

Pernyataan Al-Imam As-Syafi’i Ra memberikan pandangan tajam terhadap akibat buruk dari meremehkan guru. Konsekuensi tersebut termasuk:

  1. Kefaqiran di Akhir Hidup: Pernyataan ini merujuk pada kemungkinan seseorang menghadapi kesulitan kewangan atau bahkan kemiskinan pada usia tua atau akhir hidupnya. Ini seakan menjadi peringatan akan adanya perkaitan antara penghargaan terhadap guru dan berkah dalam kehidupan ekonomi.
  2. Gangguan dalam Berbicara dan Ekspresi: Dengan mengaitkan perilaku meremehkan guru dengan ditumpulkannya lidah, pernyataan ini menggambarkan potensi kesulitan seseorang dalam berkomunikasi dengan jelas dan efektif. Ini mungkin berfungsi sebagai pengingat akan betapa pentingnya berbicara dengan penuh hormat dan penuh kebijaksanaan.
  3. Hilangnya Pengetahuan: Al-Imam As-Syafi’i RA juga menyiratkan bahwa meremehkan guru dapat mengakibatkan hilangnya pengetahuan yang telah diperolehi. Pesan ini mengingatkan kita akan bahaya mengabaikan nilai-nilai dan ajaran yang diberikan oleh para pendidik.

Pesanan Moral yang Mendalam

Pernyataan ini bukan hanya sekadar serangkaian ancaman, tetapi juga memiliki pesan moral yang sangat mendalam. Pesan ini mengingatkan kita akan pentingnya penghargaan, rasa hormat, dan kesetiaan terhadap guru. Seiring dengan perkembangan zaman, nilai-nilai ini tetap relevan sebagai dasar etika dalam pendidikan dan interaksi sosial.

Implikasi dalam Masyarakat Modern

Dalam era di mana informasi mudah diakses, kita perlu mengingati nilai-nilai tradisional yang telah membentuk peradaban kita. Meresapi makna pernyataan Al-Imam As-Syafi’i RA dapat membantu masyarakat moden memahami bahawa kehormatan terhadap guru adalah asas utama dalam memajukan ilmu pengetahuan dan mempertahankan warisan budaya.

Kesimpulan

Pernyataan Al-Imam As-Syafi’i RA mengenai akibat meremehkan guru adalah pengingat yang berharga akan pentingnya menghargai peranan dan jasa guru dalam hidup kita. Ini adalah panggilan untuk menghormati dan menghargai mereka yang telah menyumbangkan ilmu dan bimbingan kepada kita. Dalam mengapresiasi pernyataan ini, kita tidak hanya menghormati masa lalu, tetapi juga membentuk masa depan yang lebih baik.

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Dunia Geospatial III

Dunia Geospatial II
Sambungan: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6826

Oleh Shahabuddin Amerudin

Di atas langit biru, satelit mengorbit dengan laju,
GPS menjadi panduan, menuntun perjalanan yang pasti,
Pangkalan data menjadi aset, menyimpan informasi berharga,
Dalam dunia geospatial, semuanya terhubung dengan rapi.

Melalui sistem GIS yang canggih, data bergabung dalam harmoni,
Dibentuk oleh rekabentuk sistem yang penuh inovasi,
Pengaturcaraan adalah kunci, menterjemahkan algorithm menjadi kisah,
Mobile apps memberikan akses, di genggaman tangan kita.

Dalam cloud-based yang aman, data tersimpan dengan baik,
Website menjadi jendela, memamerkan kekayaan peta,
Pembangunan sistem GIS bukanlah tugas yang mudah,
Menghubungkan dunia nyata dengan dunia maya.

Dalam setiap langkah pembangunan, tekun kita bekerja,
Menggabungkan teknologi dengan ekologi, menggapai cita,
Dunia geospatial bukan hanya tentang data dan teknologi,
Tapi juga tentang kehidupan, dan planet yang kita cintai.

Jadi teruslah bergerak maju, dengan semangat yang membara,
Menggunakan elemen-elemen ini dengan bijak dan cerdik,
Dunia geospatial menawarkan potensi yang tak terhingga,
Berkolaborasi dengan alam, menciptakan masa depan yang celik.

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Mengupas Hubungan Antara Kelas Pendapatan dan Kos Sara Hidup: Cabaran dalam Realiti Sosioekonomi

Pengenalan

Kelas pendapatan dan kos sara hidup adalah dua aspek yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dalam landskap ekonomi dan sosial masyarakat. Dalam dunia yang semakin kompleks, perbincangan mengenai bagaimana kelas pendapatan mempengaruhi kesesuaian untuk memenuhi kos sara hidup telah menjadi subjek yang semakin relevan dan mendalam. Artikel ini akan mengupas hubungan yang kompleks antara kelas pendapatan dan kos sara hidup serta menggariskan cabaran yang berkaitan dalam realiti sosioekonomi.

Kelas Pendapatan: Pemahaman Awal

Kelas pendapatan merujuk kepada pembahagian masyarakat ke dalam kategori-kategori berdasarkan pendapatan mereka. Kelas pendapatan ini biasanya digunakan oleh kerajaan atau pihak berkuasa untuk mengkategorikan pendapatan rakyat mengikut julat tertentu. Klasifikasi ini membolehkan analisis terhadap tahap ketidaksetaraan pendapatan dalam masyarakat. Di sini, kita mempunyai tiga kelas utama:

  1. B40 (Bottom 40%): Merujuk kepada kumpulan 40% pendapatan terendah di dalam populasi. Ini termasuk individu atau isi rumah dengan pendapatan terendah dalam masyarakat.
  2. M40 (Middle 40%): Merangkumi kumpulan 40% berikutnya dalam hierarki pendapatan. Mereka berada di tengah-tengah dalam hal pendapatan.
  3. T20 (Top 20%): Merujuk kepada kumpulan 20% pendapatan tertinggi di dalam masyarakat. Ini termasuk individu atau isi rumah dengan pendapatan tertinggi.

Seperti di dalam gambarajah di atas, data ini memberikan beberapa maklumat penting:

  • Setiap kelas pendapatan mempunyai julat nilai pendapatan yang berbeza-beza. Seperti yang dapat dilihat, semakin tinggi kelas pendapatan, semakin tinggi julat pendapatan yang dikategorikan dalam kelas tersebut.
  • Nilai penengah (median) adalah nilai tengah dalam set data pendapatan. Ini bermakna 50% isi rumah atau individu dalam kelas pendapatan berada di bawah nilai ini dan 50% yang lain berada di atasnya.
  • Nilai purata (mean) adalah jumlah semua nilai pendapatan dalam kelas dibahagikan dengan bilangan isi rumah atau individu dalam kelas tersebut. Purata dapat dipengaruhi oleh nilai-nilai pendapatan yang sangat tinggi atau rendah dalam kelas tersebut.

Dengan data ini, pihak berkuasa dapat mengenal pasti pola pendapatan dalam masyarakat, menilai ketidaksetaraan ekonomi, dan merancang dasar-dasar yang berkaitan dengan bantuan kewangan dan sokongan kepada kelas pendapatan yang berbeza.

Adalah penting untuk diingat bahawa data ini mengandungi maklumat bagi tahun 2022. Pada masa sekarang (2023), terdapat kemungkinan bahawa angka-angka ini telah berubah akibat perubahan ekonomi dan faktor-faktor lain.

Kos Sara Hidup: Cabaran Asas

Kos sara hidup merujuk kepada jumlah wang yang diperlukan untuk memenuhi keperluan asas harian. Ini termasuklah makanan, tempat tinggal, pendidikan, kesihatan, pengangkutan, dan lain-lain. Kenaikan harga barangan dan perkhidmatan asas dapat memberi impak besar kepada kos sara hidup dan menimbulkan tekanan ekonomi terutama kepada golongan dengan pendapatan rendah.

Kompleksiti Hubungan

Meskipun terdapat kaitan antara kelas pendapatan dan kos sara hidup, hubungan ini tidak sepenuhnya selari. Ada individu dalam kelas pendapatan yang lebih rendah yang mungkin berjaya menyesuaikan diri dengan kos sara hidup mereka melalui pengurusan kewangan yang bijak, manakala individu dalam kelas pendapatan yang lebih tinggi mungkin masih menghadapi kesukaran memenuhi keperluan sara hidup mereka yang semakin kompleks.

Penting juga untuk diingatkan bahawa kos sara hidup dapat berbeza mengikut lokasi geografi. Kos sara hidup di bandar besar mungkin lebih tinggi berbanding di kawasan luar bandar, yang boleh memberi kesan kepada kelompok pendapatan yang berbeza.

Cabaran Kesetaraan dan Keadilan

Ketidakselarian dalam kelas pendapatan dan kos sara hidup menggariskan isu penting mengenai kesetaraan dan keadilan dalam masyarakat. Walaupun seseorang mungkin berada dalam kelas pendapatan yang lebih tinggi, mereka mungkin menghadapi cabaran untuk mengimbangi peningkatan kos sara hidup. Ini menunjukkan bahawa kelas pendapatan tidak semestinya mencerminkan kesediaan individu atau isi rumah untuk menghadapi kenaikan kos sara hidup yang semakin mencabar.

Pentingnya Dasar-dasar Sosial dan Ekonomi

Dalam usaha mengatasi cabaran ini, penting bagi kerajaan dan pihak berkuasa untuk merangka dasar-dasar sosial dan ekonomi yang sensitif terhadap perbezaan dalam kelas pendapatan. Sokongan kepada golongan dengan pendapatan rendah, termasuk bantuan kewangan dan program sokongan sosial, penting untuk memastikan bahawa semua lapisan masyarakat dapat menikmati taraf hidup yang wajar.

Kesimpulan

Hubungan antara kelas pendapatan dan kos sara hidup adalah kompleks dan memerlukan pendekatan holistik untuk memahami cabaran dan potensi solusinya. Pihak berkuasa dan masyarakat perlu bekerjasama untuk memastikan bahawa kesetaraan dalam akses kepada keperluan asas tetap menjadi keutamaan, terlepas dari kedudukan dalam kelas pendapatan. Dengan mengambil kira perbezaan individu dan keperluan masyarakat yang berbeza, kita boleh bergerak menuju masyarakat yang lebih inklusif dan adil.

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Navigating Roundabouts in Malaysia

In Malaysia, as in many countries that drive on the left side of the road, the rules for navigating a roundabout are akin to those in similar driving environments. Referring to the diagram above depicting the roundabout junction, the following instructions apply to drivers (blue and green cars, respectively):

  1. Driver on the left (blue car) going straight (12 o’clock):
    • Approach the roundabout in the left lane.
    • Yield to any vehicles already in the roundabout.
    • Maintain a steady speed and enter the roundabout when there is a safe gap in the traffic.
    • Continue through the roundabout to the exit that corresponds to your intended direction (12 o’clock).
  2. Driver on the right (green car) turning right (3 o’clock):
    • Approach the roundabout in the right lane.
    • Yield to any vehicles already in the roundabout.
    • Indicate your intention to turn right by using your right turn signal.
    • As you approach your exit, yield to pedestrians in the crosswalk and any vehicles already in the roundabout.
    • Exit the roundabout at the 3 o’clock position (right turn).

General roundabout tips for drivers in Malaysia:

  • Always yield to vehicles already inside the roundabout.
  • Use your turn signals to indicate your intended direction.
  • Pay attention to road signs and road markings to navigate the roundabout correctly.
  • Be aware of pedestrians and give them the right of way at crosswalks.
  • Maintain a safe and appropriate speed while navigating the roundabout.

Remember that local traffic rules and regulations can change, so it’s always a good idea to stay up-to-date with the latest driving guidelines in Malaysia. If you’re unsure about how to navigate a specific roundabout, you should follow the signage and markings present at that location.

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The Motherboard’s Whisper: Unveiling the Intelligence of Computers


In the ever-evolving landscape of technology, computers have become an integral part of our daily lives. From powering communication networks to processing complex calculations, these machines have grown increasingly intelligent, leaving many of us marveling at their capabilities. Curiosity often leads us to question the origins of this intelligence, and a child’s innocent inquiry can sometimes offer a surprisingly profound perspective. “Why are computers so smart?” a child asks, and the response, “Because computers listen to their motherboards,” might seem whimsical at first glance, but it holds a kernel of truth that delves into the heart of a computer’s functionality.

The Crucial Role of the Motherboard

The motherboard is the central nervous system of a computer, connecting all its vital components and allowing them to communicate and work in harmony. It’s a complex circuit board that houses the CPU (Central Processing Unit), RAM (Random Access Memory), storage devices, and various other components that contribute to a computer’s operation. The interconnected pathways etched onto the motherboard are like the intricate neural networks within our brains. Just as our brain cells communicate to process information, the components on the motherboard interact to execute tasks.

Listening to the Motherboard

The notion that computers “listen” to their motherboards is an allegorical way to describe how computers process and execute commands. When a computer receives an instruction, whether it’s a user input or a program’s command, the motherboard acts as the conduit for this information. It ensures that the data flows to the relevant components, where calculations, data manipulation, and other processes take place.

Imagine a child being guided by a parent’s instructions. The child listens, comprehends, and acts accordingly. Similarly, the motherboard relays instructions from users or software to the various parts of the computer, ensuring that each component performs its designated function. This collaborative effort results in the seamless operations and rapid calculations we associate with computer intelligence.

The Symphony of Components

A computer’s “intelligence” emerges from the collective capabilities of its components. The CPU is the brain of the computer, executing instructions and performing calculations at lightning speed. RAM serves as a working memory, allowing the computer to quickly access and manipulate data. Storage devices house long-term data, akin to our memories. Graphics cards process visual information, much like our eyes and visual cortex.

Just as children learn and grow through experiences, computers “learn” through data processing. Machine learning algorithms, for instance, analyze large datasets to recognize patterns and make predictions, simulating a form of learning. All these processes occur under the watchful “ears” of the motherboard, ensuring that the right information reaches the right destination.

Beyond the Metaphor

While the statement “Because computers listen to their motherboards” is metaphorical, it encapsulates the essence of a computer’s functioning. The motherboard’s role in coordinating and facilitating communication between components is pivotal to a computer’s intelligent operations. However, it’s essential to remember that the true sophistication of computers stems from human ingenuity. Engineers, programmers, and innovators design and develop these intricate systems, harnessing the power of technology to create machines that reshape industries and revolutionize our world.

So the next time you ponder the intelligence of computers, take a moment to appreciate the silent symphony orchestrated by the motherboard. It’s a reminder that behind the digital miracles we experience daily lies a network of connections and interactions, much like the relationships that shape our understanding of the world.

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Elevating SBEG3583 2023: Student Perspectives and Recommendations from Semester-End GIS Course Survey

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Introduction

The SBEG3583 Course Evaluation Survey, conducted at the end of Semester 2 in the 2022/2023 academic session, yielded valuable insights from students about their experiences in the GIS Software System course. This analysis delves into the findings and provides recommendations for improving the course based on both the quantitative data and qualitative comments from respondents.

Knowledge Gained

Students’ enthusiastic acknowledgment of the specific knowledge and skills acquired during the course underscores the practical value of the curriculum. One respondent mentioned, “I know how to use some Software that I’m not familiar with before this, such as ArcGIS Pro, Mapinfo Pro.” This demonstrates the course’s effectiveness in expanding students’ technical toolkit. To further enhance this aspect, integrating more real-world scenarios in practical applications could deepen students’ practical understanding.

Teaching and Learning

Feedback regarding teaching methods offers valuable insights for improvement. Respondents’ suggestions such as “Do interactive slides and make them simpler for better understanding” and “Implement more graphics like mind maps, pictures, and figures in lecture slides” point to a desire for more engaging and visually impactful instructional materials. By implementing these suggestions, instructors can address various learning preferences and enhance content retention.

Teaching Evaluations – Assessments

Respondents’ perspectives on assessments provide useful direction for refinement. One respondent emphasized the value of solving real problems in assessments, stating “The assessment can be evaluated on solving the real problem, rather than theoretical in-lecture topic.” This underscores the importance of linking assessments to real-world applications. By aligning assessments more closely with practical challenges, the course can better prepare students for future GIS-related tasks.

Teaching Methods in Lecture, Lab, and Excursion

Respondents’ suggestions for teaching methods underscore the potential for enhancing engagement. One respondent suggested incorporating gamification elements, stating, “Incorporate elements of gamification, like GIS-related challenges or scavenger hunts, to make learning more interactive and enjoyable.” Gamification can inject enthusiasm into the learning process and promote active participation. Additionally, comments about field trips highlight the need for stable GPS accuracy and application usability, indicating areas for improvement in future excursions.

Overall Experience

Students’ overall positive experiences provide a strong foundation to build upon. Respondents’ desire for “more lab work that contributes to GIS SOFTWARE” and the suggestion to “improve the student understanding of the course” through increased industry excursions offer concrete areas for enhancement. By incorporating additional practical exercises and industry insights, the course can foster a more comprehensive and well-rounded learning experience.

Recommendations for Improvement

1. Enhanced Interactive Learning Materials: Develop interactive slide presentations and simplify them for improved clarity. Graphics like mind maps, images, and figures can be integrated to enhance visual understanding.

2. Real-World Application in Assessments: Revise assessments to focus on real-world problem-solving scenarios, allowing students to apply theoretical knowledge to practical challenges.

3. Gamification for Engagement: Incorporate gamification elements, such as challenges and quizzes, to promote interactivity and enhance student engagement.

4. Strengthen Excursions: Ensure stable GPS accuracy and usability in field trip applications, addressing the practical challenges faced during excursions.

5. Increased Practical Exposure: Integrate more lab work and industry excursions to provide hands-on experience and deeper insights into GIS applications.

6. Practical Application Emphasis: Highlight the practical applications of GIS software systems in lectures, labs, and assignments to align learning with real-world contexts.

Conclusion

The SBEG3583 Course Evaluation Survey provided valuable insights for enhancing the GIS Software System course. Respondents’ suggestions offer clear direction for improvement, including interactive learning materials, real-world assessments, gamification, strengthened excursions, increased practical exposure, and an emphasis on practical applications. By implementing these recommendations, the course can offer an enriched learning experience that equips students with both theoretical knowledge and practical skills for their future pursuits in GIS.

Please note that this analysis and the set of recommendations are derived from insights presented in the articles available at https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6784 and https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6786.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Elevating SBEG3583 2023: Student Perspectives and Recommendations from Semester-End GIS Course Survey. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6790 (Accessed: 30 August 2023).
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Enhancing the SBEG3583 GIS Software System Course: A Comprehensive Analysis of Student Feedback and Recommendations

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Introduction

The SBEG3583 Course Evaluation Survey for the GIS Software System course provided valuable insights into students’ perspectives on various aspects of the course, including course content, teaching methods, knowledge gained, and overall learning experience. The survey took place towards the conclusion of Semester 2 within the academic session of 2022/2023, and it garnered responses from 33 students who were enrolled in the SBEG3583 GIS Software System course. The findings suggest several strengths, as well as areas that could be enhanced for future iterations of the course.

Discussion of Findings

1. Course Content: The unanimous agreement among students regarding the course’s coverage of essential topics and concepts related to GIS software systems is a strong indication of the course’s success in meeting its intended learning objectives. This reflects a well-designed curriculum that caters to students’ expectations.

2. Knowledge Gained: Students’ unanimous agreement that the course helped them gain a comprehensive understanding of GIS software systems underscores the effectiveness of the teaching approach. The variety of skills acquired, such as software usage during internships and application development, highlights the practical application of course content.

3. Teaching and Learning: The majority of students rated the instructor’s teaching effectiveness as highly positive. The clarity of communication and effectiveness of teaching materials contributed to students’ comprehension of complex subjects. This positive feedback reflects the instructor’s ability to effectively convey technical information to students.

4. Teaching Evaluations – Individual Assignments, Lab Tasks, Projects, and Tests: Students’ unanimous agreement that assessments effectively reinforced their understanding of course material underscores the role of practical application in solidifying learning outcomes. The suggestions for clearer assessment criteria align with the need for transparent expectations, enhancing the assessment process.

5. Teaching Methods in Lecture, Lab, and Excursion: The appreciation for effective teaching methods during lectures and lab sessions emphasizes the balance between theoretical concepts and practical application. The positive impact of field trips and excursions on students’ understanding of GIS software systems underscores the value of real-world experiences in the learning process.

6. Overall Experience: The overall satisfaction expressed by students demonstrates the course’s success in meeting their expectations and providing a positive learning experience. The unanimous willingness to recommend the course indicates a high level of contentment and confidence in the course’s quality.

Recommendations:

1. Enhanced Visual Learning Materials: Based on the feedback regarding teaching materials, incorporating more visual aids such as graphics, diagrams, and mind maps could enhance the clarity of explanations. This visual approach can cater to different learning styles and facilitate understanding.

2. Interactive Elements: Responding to the desire for more interactivity, incorporating interactive elements such as quizzes, discussions, and group activities could further engage students during lectures and lab sessions. This approach can promote active participation and deeper learning.

3. Enhanced Excursions: Recognizing the positive impact of excursions, enhancing the quality and frequency of industry visits can provide students with more exposure to real-world GIS applications. Collaborating with industry experts can provide valuable insights and networking opportunities.

4. Diverse Assessment Strategies: Building on the success of assessments in reinforcing learning, incorporating a diverse range of assessment types, including real-world problem-solving tasks and case studies, can further encourage practical application and critical thinking.

5. Refined Lecture Structure: Addressing the feedback on lecture presentations, condensing slide content to focus on keywords and explanations, rather than excessive text, can streamline information delivery and improve overall comprehension.

6. Gamified Learning: Incorporating elements of gamification, such as GIS-related challenges or scavenger hunts, can infuse a sense of fun and competition into the learning process, enhancing engagement and motivation.

Conclusion

The discussion of survey findings and subsequent recommendations demonstrates the course’s strengths and potential for improvement. The feedback collected through the SBEG3583 Course Evaluation Survey serves as a foundation for enhancing the GIS Software System course, ensuring that future iterations continue to provide a comprehensive, engaging, and practical learning experience for students.

Please note that this analysis and the set of recommendations are based on insights provided in the article available at https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6784. Further analysis can be found in another article accessible through this link: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6790.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Enhancing the SBEG3583 GIS Software System Course: A Comprehensive Analysis of Student Feedback and Recommendations. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6786 (Accessed: 30 August 2023).
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SBEG3583 2023 Course Evaluation Survey Detailed Report

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

Introduction

The SBEG3583 Course Evaluation Survey was conducted to gather comprehensive feedback from students regarding their experiences in the GIS Software System course. This report provides a detailed analysis of the survey results, highlighting students’ perspectives on course content, teaching methods, knowledge gained, and overall learning experience.

Survey Overview

The survey was administered during the end of Semester 2 of the 2022/2023 academic session and received participation from 33 students enrolled in the SBEG3583 GIS Software System course.

Course Content

  • Students universally acknowledged the course’s success in covering essential topics and concepts related to GIS software systems.
  • A common sentiment was that the course content was relevant and aligned with students’ expectations, providing them with a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.
  • Respondents appreciated the course’s depth of coverage, with many expressing satisfaction about the range of topics explored.
  • The explanations provided by the instructors were widely praised for their clarity, facilitating students’ comprehension of intricate technical concepts.

Knowledge Learned

  • All respondents reported that the course significantly contributed to their comprehensive understanding of GIS software systems, enabling them to confidently engage with the subject matter.
  • Many students highlighted the practical application of skills gained from the course. These included using GIS software during internships, creating geotagging applications, and managing GIS projects effectively.
  • Some respondents specifically mentioned newfound expertise in using software tools such as ArcGIS Pro and MapInfo Pro, which expanded their skillset beyond their initial familiarity.

Teaching and Learning

  • The majority of students (81.8%) rated the overall teaching effectiveness of the instructor as “4,” indicating a high level of satisfaction.
  • All respondents (100%) indicated that the instructor’s communication of course material was clear and effective, enhancing their understanding of complex concepts.
  • Teaching materials, including lecture slides and handouts, were highly regarded for their role in assisting students’ comprehension of challenging subjects.

Teaching Evaluations – Individual Assignments, Lab Tasks, Projects, and Tests

  • Students unanimously confirmed that individual assignments, lab tasks, projects, and tests played a crucial role in reinforcing their understanding of the course material.
  • The effectiveness of these assessments was frequently praised for its practicality and ability to simulate real-world scenarios, enabling students to apply GIS knowledge.
  • Constructive suggestions included providing clearer assessment criteria and incorporating more real-world problem-solving tasks.

Teaching Methods in Lecture, Lab, and Excursion

  • Lectures were seen as effective by most students (63.6% rated “4”), although some respondents desired more interactive elements to further engage learners.
  • Lab sessions were widely commended for their practicality, as they allowed students to apply theoretical knowledge in hands-on settings.
  • Field trips and excursions were unanimously considered beneficial in enhancing students’ comprehension by providing real-world context and practical experience.

Overall Experience

  • Students reported an overall positive experience with the GIS Software System course, with 63.6% rating it as “4” and 27.3% as “5.”
  • All respondents (100%) expressed their willingness to recommend the course to other students, indicating a high level of satisfaction with the learning experience.
  • Valuable suggestions for improvement included incorporating more lab work, refining the simplicity and graphical elements of teaching materials, and enhancing the frequency and quality of industry excursions.

Conclusion

The SBEG3583 Course Evaluation Survey yielded insightful feedback from students, reflecting their positive experiences with the GIS Software System course. The course content, teaching methods, and knowledge acquired were widely appreciated. The survey also provided valuable suggestions for improvement, particularly in terms of enhancing interactivity and refining teaching materials. Overall, the course appears to have successfully equipped students with comprehensive GIS software system knowledge and practical skills, creating a solid foundation for their future endeavours in the field.

Please note that a more comprehensive analysis is available in the article accessible via this link: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6786.

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). SBEG3583 2023 Course Evaluation Survey Detailed Report. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6784 (Accessed: 30 August 2023).
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Pembangunan Sistem Pengurusan Tanah Perkuburan Berasaskan GIS

https://kppusara.kstutm.com/jenazahmap.php?query=budin

Oleh Shahabuddin Amerudin

Pembangunan Laman Web Tanah Perkuburan Islam Kampung Melayu Kangkar Pulai dijalankan melalui pendekatan kitar hayat pembangunan sistem (SDLC), yang terdiri daripada lima fasa: perancangan, analisis, reka bentuk, implementasi, dan penyelenggaraan.

Fasa Perancangan

Pada peringkat perancangan, keperluan utama laman web ini adalah untuk memudahkan pengurusan tanah perkuburan yang cekap dan menyediakan akses mudah kepada pengguna untuk mencari kubur. Kewujudan peta interaktif yang disokong oleh teknologi GIS menjadi keutamaan dalam sistem ini. Kajian keperluan melibatkan pemahaman terhadap konsep Sistem Maklumat Geografi (GIS), sistem koordinat seperti WGS84, penggunaan peta, dan keperluan untuk menghubungkan data spatial dengan data atribut kubur.

Fasa Analisis

Dalam fasa ini, kajian mendalam dilakukan untuk memahami cabaran-cabaran yang wujud dalam pengurusan rekod jenazah secara manual, di mana penyimpanan fail kertas sering menyebabkan kehilangan rekod dan kesukaran mencari lokasi kubur. Rekod jenazah diperolehi dari pihak pengurus kubur di dalam bentuk helaian kertas. Kajian ini juga merangkumi pengumpulan data GPS (latitude dan longitude) untuk kubur-kubur sedia ada, serta mengenal pasti kaedah integrasi data spatial dengan atribut seperti nama jenazah, tarikh kematian, dan lokasi.

Fasa Reka Bentuk

Peringkat reka bentuk memberi fokus kepada susunan sistem yang intuitif dan mesra pengguna. Laman web ini dibangunkan menggunakan PHP untuk pengendalian logik aplikasi, HTML dan JavaScript untuk antaramuka pengguna, serta MySQL untuk pengurusan pangkalan data. Leaflet.js, sebuah perpustakaan JavaScript untuk peta interaktif, dipilih bagi menguruskan visualisasi data spatial. Peta ortofoto bagi kawasan perkuburan diperoleh melalui pengimejan drone, yang memberikan visualisasi yang lebih jelas berbanding peta dari Google Maps atau OpenStreetMap.

Dalam aspek pengurusan data, setiap kubur dihubungkan dengan data atribut menggunakan sistem koordinat yang konsisten seperti WGS84. Setiap titik kubur pada peta interaktif disambungkan dengan pangkalan data yang menyimpan maklumat terperinci tentang jenazah. Proses ini melibatkan pembangunan query SQL yang kompleks untuk menyokong sistem carian pantas dan pengurusan data yang teratur.

Fasa Implementasi

Pada peringkat implementasi, pembangunan sistem dilakukan secara berperingkat, melibatkan kod pengaturcaraan dalam PHP, HTML, dan JavaScript. MySQL digunakan untuk membina pangkalan data yang menyimpan semua rekod jenazah secara digital. Data spatial dipersembahkan dengan menggunakan Leaflet.js, membolehkan pengguna berinteraksi dengan peta perkuburan untuk mencari lokasi kubur. Fungsi carian di laman web memanfaatkan query SQL, yang memudahkan akses kepada maklumat jenazah berdasarkan kata kunci yang dimasukkan oleh pengguna.

Peta interaktif diselaraskan dengan peta ortofoto yang diambil menggunakan drone, memberikan visual yang jelas tentang kawasan perkuburan, serta memudahkan penjaga kubur dan waris mencari lokasi jenazah. Setiap lokasi GPS kubur yang dipaparkan pada peta interaktif dapat dikaitkan dengan maklumat dalam pangkalan data, seperti nama dan tarikh pengebumian, melalui proses linking antara data spatial dan atribut jenazah.

Fasa Penyelenggaraan

Fasa penyelenggaraan melibatkan kemas kini berterusan pada pangkalan data dan penambahbaikan sistem untuk memastikan prestasi laman web yang optimum. Data baharu dimasukkan secara berkala, manakala peta ortofoto juga dikemas kini jika terdapat perubahan pada kawasan perkuburan. Selain itu, sebarang masalah atau bug yang ditemui dalam sistem akan diperbaiki untuk memastikan laman web terus beroperasi dengan lancar. Penggunaan backup dan recovery systems untuk pangkalan data juga dipastikan bagi mengelakkan kehilangan maklumat penting.

Secara keseluruhan, pembangunan Laman Web Tanah Perkuburan Islam Kampung Melayu Kangkar Pulai ini (https://kppusara.kstutm.com) merupakan satu langkah inovatif dalam menggabungkan teknologi GIS dan sistem maklumat dalam pengurusan jenazah. Laman web ini bukan sahaja menyelesaikan masalah rekod manual tetapi juga meningkatkan kecekapan dalam pencarian lokasi kubur, memberikan kemudahan kepada waris serta pengurusan tanah perkuburan.

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Exploring the Essence of Silat: Tradition, Techniques, and Cultural Significance

By Shahabuddin Amerudin

The term “Silat” refers to an art of self-defense encompassing the understanding of movement to protect oneself, involving techniques employing weaponry or unarmed combat. Silat is synonymous with the indigenous martial arts of the Nusantara region, spanning countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Borneo, and other Southeast Asian nations. According to the Kamus Dewan dictionary, the term “trickery” is denoted as “elak,” while in the northern dialect of Tanah Melayu, it is referred to as “elat.” A theory posits that “Silat” has its origins in “si-ilat,” which means “one skilled in deception.” Furthermore, “Silat” can also connote “silap” in Malay Language or “error” or “blame,” as certain Silat movements are devised to perplex adversaries, leading them to commit errors in their attacks or defenses.

Humans are inherently inclined to safeguard themselves and escape danger. These movements stem from an instinct that is difficult to articulate, as opposed to being arbitrary actions. This inspiration manifests in various ways, including dreams, insights derived from meditation, and observations of animal movements. The genuine source of this inspiration arises from the Inspirer (refer to Sifat 20 in Islamic teachings). It finds expression through artistic movements referred to as “Bunga.” These movements carry a range of implicit meanings, giving rise to actions such as parrying, palm strikes, punching, grappling, opponent takedowns, stepping, and more. These abstract motions are believed to conceal numerous secret and intricate maneuvers.

At its core, the structure of Silat learning is divided into two components: “Bunga” and “Buah.” “Bunga” represents the foundational movements in Silat. Subsequently, these movements are organized to form the core of Silat, known as “Buah.” There exists a misconception that “Bunga” merely constitutes a dance performance. Some practitioners memorize the “Bunga” without comprehending its underlying secrets. Such individuals lack historical understanding and a genuine grasp of the essence of “Bunga” in Silat. “Bunga” movements draw inspiration from the founder of a particular Silat style and constitute the cornerstone of that martial art. For instance, the Silat Gayong Fatani is rooted in the “Bunga Sembah.”

“Bunga” serves as an introduction to a specific Silat style and is termed “Bunga Sembah.” Occasionally, “Bunga” is performed at ceremonies such as weddings and festive occasions, becoming emblematic of a particular martial art style. Observing these movements allows for the identification of the practiced Silat variant. This is pivotal to avert practitioners engaging in conflicts within their own school.

“Jurus,” also recognized as “Belebat,” are swift and repetitive movements designed to familiarize practitioners with specific techniques. Repetition ingrains these movements in their instincts, enabling them to execute these techniques in actual combat situations. For instance, a practitioner might step while simultaneously parrying with the left hand and striking with the right hand in a swift motion. In contrast to “Bunga,” “Jurus” movements are more forceful and direct. They can be executed with weapons or bare hands. “Jurus” serve as repetitive drills to embed attacking and defensive movements in a practitioner’s muscle memory, enabling effective execution in real combat scenarios.

“Buah Silat” constitutes a fusion of movements derived from the foundational “Bunga” motions. It is also referred to as “Buah Pukul.” This entails a sequence of steps to counter an attack until the adversary is subdued, adhering to a predetermined pattern of movements. “Buah Silat” is curated by the founders of Silat styles, assigned names, and structured into a systematic curriculum based on proficiency levels. Students must commit all these “Buah” patterns to memory according to their levels, and these are distinguished by specific techniques until their training is completed. This pedagogical approach is perpetuated by Silat instructors in their training environments.

In conclusion, Malay Silat boasts an extensive history and a diverse array of forms and styles. Its authenticity and techniques are preserved through intergenerational transmission and learning. It serves as a crucial cultural identity for the Malay community and can only be upheld through continued study and practice. Without this, Malay Silat might wane, persisting solely in written accounts, visuals, and films.

Source of the original article: http://asalsilat.blogspot.com/2015/04/asal-usul-silat.html

Suggestion for Citation:
Amerudin, S. (2023). Exploring the Essence of Silat: Tradition, Techniques, and Cultural Significance. [Online] Available at: https://people.utm.my/shahabuddin/?p=6782 (Accessed: 28 August 2023).